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CORMGHT DEPOSIT. 




Farm Shop Work Bench and Farm Woodworking TooSs. 



Farm Woodwork 

by 

Louis M. Roehl 

« 

Supervisor of Farm Shop Work, New York State College 

of Agriculture at Cornell University, 

Ithaca, N. Y. 



With an Introduction by George A. Works, Head of the 

Department of Rural Education, New York 

State College of Agriculture. 




The Bruce Publishing Company 



Milwaukee, Wis. 



rr 



Copyright, 1919 

The Bruce Publishing Company 

Milwaukee, Wis. 



OC? -4 !9I9 



Introduction 

This book is designed primarily for use as a text or reference book 
in connection with farm shop courses in agricultural schools or in the 
agricultural departments of rural high schools. The problems that this 
work presents are many and their seriousness is accentuated by the fact 
that commonly the farm shop instruction is offered by the teacher of 
agriculture. This arrangement has an advantage in the fact, that it 
makes possible a more intimate relationship between the shop work and 
the various phases of the agricultural work, but it presents serious teach- 
ing difficulties and makes necessary such assistance for the teacher as is 
to be found in this book. 

This book and Agricultural Woodworking by the same author are 
in marked contrast with the early efforts that were made to organize 
courses in farm shop work. For the most part they consisted mainly 
of a bodily transposition of manual training and drawing courses from 
city schools to the schools of the rural community. Commonly there was 
little or no relationship between the drawing and construction work. 
Usually the drawing consisted of a segment of a drafting course and the 
wood work centered around "exercises," necktie holders, and Morris 
chairs. The authors of these attempts lost sight of the fact that the 
farmer is neither a draftsman nor a cabinet maker. His skill in the use 
of the hammer, saw, plane, and pencil should be developed in connection 
with problems of rough carpentry. He must be a "jack of all trades" 
in repair and simple construction work. 

The error of this procedure has been realized by many who are now 
endeavoring to select construction problems adapted to farm conditions. 
As a result there has been a decided improvement in the character of the 
work done in the farm shop course but the movement has not gone far 
enough. The content of the high school course in farm crops is deter- 
mined in a large measure by the crops raised in the immediate vicinity 
of the school. In a similar manner there should be a recognition of the 
influence of local farming conditions in the determination of the content 
of the farm shop course. The woodworking problems that are presented 
to the truck farmer are quite different from those that are presented to 
the dairyman, poultryman, or general farmer. The instruction offered 
in the farm shop course should reflec.t ,this ^fference to a much greater 
extent than is usually the case. ' " '• ' '^'' 

Since the farm shop course is quite commonly taught by the teacher 
of agriculture, it is especially desirable that he should have a large num- 
ber of carefully prepared shop problems from which selections may be 
made so that the work will be adapted to local conditions. In the prep- 
aration of this book the author has borne this fact in mind. It is not 
offered as a course adapted to any community but rather as a book, which 
with .the preceding volume, will form the basis of many courses for 



FARM WOODWORK 



schools situated in widely divergent farming conditions. It is expected 
that the teacher will supplement the problems he selects by repair work 
brought in by the pupils from their home farms. 

The author's extensive farm experience, technical training, several 
years of experience as a teacher of shop work to farm boys and more 
recently his efforts in instructing jirospective teachers of vocational agri- 
culture in farm shop work have made an excellent background for such 
an undertaking as is represented by this volume. As a result he has 
prepared a book that contains practical problems, carefully analyzed 
and skillfully presented. Wise use of this volume is certain to result in 
a marked advance in the character of work done in farm shop courses 
in agricultural departments and schools. 

GEORGE A. WORKS. 



FARM WOODWORK 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

Adjustable Wagon Jack 40-41 

Apple Box Press 106-107 

Bag Holder 65 

Berry Stand for Six Boxes. . . .116-117 

Bird Houses 63-61 

Carpentry Apron 30-31 

Contents of a Course in Farm 

Woodwork 8 

Dog House 56-57 

Double Deck Berry Stand for 

Tw^elve Boxes 116-117 

Farm Carpentry Tocls 9 

Farm Shop Equipment for 

Schools 11 

Wood Working Tocls 11-12 

Blacksmiths' Tools 12-13 

Pipe Fitting Tools 13 

Tinning Tools 13 

Harness Repair Tools and 

Equipment 13-14 

Farm Shopwork Bench 16-19 

Farm Tool Box 48-49 

Folding Bench 34-35 

Fruit Can Rack 52 

Fruit Step Ladder 110-112 

Handy Ladder 71 

Harness Hook 105 

Hay Rack 80-83 

Introduction 5 

Jointing, Setting and Filing a 

Cross Cut Saw 129 

Kitchen Table 54-55 

List of Builders' Hardware .... 133 
Lumber Measurement Table. . . 134 

Lumber Rack 28-29 

Milking Stool 58-61 

Milk Test Bottle Holder 79 

Miter Box 36-37 

Nail and Staple Box 32-33 

Nails and Screws 135 

Orchard Ladder 108-109 

Orchard Ladder 113-115 

Packing Table for Barrel of 

Apples 120-121 

Packing Table for Box Apples. 118-119 



Page 

Plane Table and Leveling Rod. 127 

Playground Swing 66-67 

Poultry Carrying Crate 78 

Poultry Catching Hook 79 

Poultry Feed Box 74 

Poultry Feed Box 76-77 

Poultry Feed Hopper for 25 

Birds 75-77 

Poultry Feed Hopper for EO 

Birds 77 

Poultry Feeding Trough 72-73 

Poultry Show Crate 78 

Poultry Sticking Knife 79 

Rafter Framing 128 

Root Study Case 125 

Rural School Work Bench 20-24 

Saw Filing Clamp 46-47 

Saw Horse 44-45 

Saws and Saw Fitting 130-131 

Seed Corn Rack 38-39 

Seed Corn Testing Box 38-39 

Self Feeder for Hogs 90-91 

Sheep and Hog Shipping Crate 96-97 

Sheep Feeding Rack 93 

Sled 70 

Soil Sieve 125 

Stitching Horse 98-104 

Stock Rack for Wagon Box . . . 88-89 

Support Racks for Soil Tubes. 124 
Table of Bit Sizes for Wood 

Screws 136 

Take-Down Horse 42-43 

Teeter-Totter 68-69 

Tool Cabinet for Wood Shop ... 25 

Top, Wagon Box 86-87 

Vise and Bench Step 22-24 

Vise Handle 122-123 

Wagon Box 84-85 

Wall Sheep Feeding Rack 94 

Waste Basket 36-37 

Water Trough 126 

Wire Tightener 71 

Wood Basket 53 

Wood Box 50-51 

Wood Working Tool Rack 26-27 



A COURSE IN FARM WOODWORK 

It should fulfill the following conditions : 

a. Each project must be useful on the farm when completed. 

b. The course must give practice in all of the carpentry tool operations. 



Carpentry Tool Operations 



1. Rip sawing 

2. Cross grain sawing 

3. Leveling 

4. Plumbing 

5. Erecting 

6. Tool sharpening 

a. Saw filing 

b. Grinding 

7. Measuring 

8. Squaring a line at right angles 

9. Planing 

10. Laying out chamfer 

11. Laying out and cutting bevel. 

12. Boring 

13. Doweling 

14. Mitering 



15. Chiseling 

a. With grain 

b. Cross grain 

16. Nailing 

17. Nail setting 

18. Nail pulling 

19. Screw driving 

20. Screw drawing 

21. Counter sinking 

22. Tapering 

23. Scraping 

24. Sanding 

25. Round surface edging 

26. Mortising 

27. Wood filing 



FARM CARPENTRY TOOLS 



The following is a complete list of farm carpentry tools. With these 
tools at hand it is possible to do the ordinary construction and repair 
work which require wood working tools on the farm. 

As a means to aid in preventing the loss of tools and to conserve time 
ofttimes wasted in looking for tools which have been mislaid it is advis- 
able to have a definite place for the tools in the farm shop, granary, 
implement shed or other convenient place and also to have a definite place 
on the wall for each tool. This place for each tool may be indicated 
by a silhouette of the tool being painted on the wall where the tool is 
to hang. The picture of the tool on the wall serves as a reminder that 
the tool is out. 

It is far better to have the tools hang on the wall over the work 
bench where they may be placed and removed instantly than to have 
them thrown into a tool box where time is consumed and patience taxed 
digging around for what is desired. 

Woodworking tools to work efficiently must be free from rust. This 
may be accomplished by having handy a dry rag or handful of waste and 
wiping the tools as they are brought in and then covering them with a 
coat of oil. The oiling may be accomplished quickly by wiping the saws 
and other tools with a rag or handful of waste soaked in oil. A thin coat 
of any oil will prevent rust. 

Fig. 1 illustrates the wall of the farm shop over the work bench. 




Fig. 1. Farm Shop Woodwork Tool Rack with Tools Removed. 



10 



FARM WOODWORK 



FARM CARPENTRY TOOLS 



1—26" Cross Cut Saw 

1—26" Rip Saw 

1 — Jack plane — 14" with 2" cutter 

1 — Carpenter's draw knife 

1 — Marking gauge 

1 — 8" try square 

1— Mallet 

1 — Saw set 

l_Set of Auger Bits, 4/16" to 16/16" 

inclusive 
1 — Expansion bit 
1 — Ratchet Brace 
2 — Screwdrivers, 1 large, 1 small 
1 — Countersink 

1 — Steel rafter framing square 
1 — Pair pliers 
1—10" flat file 
1 — Auger bit file 



1 — 8" Triangular file 

1 — 6" slim tapered triangular file 

1 — 12" Half-round wood file 

1 — 8" Oblong carborundum oil stone 

1 — 16-oz. Straight claw hammer 

1 — 24" Carpenter's level 

1— Putty knife 

1 — Nail set 

4 — Socket firmer chisels, %", V2", 1' 

IV2" 
1 — 2-lb. 2-oz. Bench hatchet 
1-^2-ft., four-fold boxwood rule 
1 — Cross cut saw tool 
1 — Pinch bar 
1 — Spoke shave 
1 — Screwdriver bit 
1 — Pair 8" winged dividers 



FARM WOODWORK 11 



FARM SHOP EQUIPMENT FOR SCHOOLS 

Wood Working 

Necessary Equipment 
Amount Item 

1 — 1^ inch brad awl 

1 — Set bits yi inch, 5/16 inch, ^ inch, ^^ inch, ^ inch, ^ inch % inch 
% inch, 1 inch • • 

1 — Countersink, Rose 

2 — Screwdriver bits, % inch tip and 5/16 inch tip 

2 — Bit braces, 8 inch sweep 

12 — Chisels, socket, firmer, 2-1/4 inch, 1-% inch, 4-1/2 inch, 1-% inch, 3-% 

inch, 1-1 inch 

4 — Dividers, 8 inch, loose leg, wing • 

1 — Set twist drills, }i, }ihy 32nds, square shank 

1 — File, mill cut, 6 inch 

1 — File, mill cut, 10 inch 

6 — Files, slim taper, triangular, b inch 

2 — Files, slim taper, 5 inch 

1 — File, auger bit 

1 — File card (cleaner) 

6 — Gauges, marking, plain 

1 ■ — Glass cutter, turret head 

1 — Grindstone, 2"x24", ball-bearing, mounted with foot pedal 

1* — Carpenter's hammers, equal number bell face, adze eye^ curved claw; 

and plain face, straight claw. . . . = 

1 — Drawing knife, 8 inch 

1 — Level and plumb, wood, 26 inch 

1 — Level stand and sights 

1 — Mallet (or more if home made) 

3 — Nail sets (assorted) 

1 —Oiler 

1 — 12 inch half round wood file 

4 — Wood screAvs (adjustable) two 8 inch, two 12 inch 

2 — 4 ft. steel bar carpenter's clamps 

1 - — Oilstone, coarse and fine face carborundum 

1 — Oilstone, round edge slip 

1* — Plane, jack, 14 inch iron, 2 inch cutter 

3 — Pliers (assorted) 

1 — Punch, center 

1 — Putty knife 

2 — Saws, cross cut, 22 inch, 10 point 

3 — Saws, cross cut, 24 inch, 10 point 

1 - — Saw, cross cut, 26 inch, 8 point 

2 — Saws, rip, 26 inch 5 point 

1 — Saw, compass, 16 inch 

2 — Saws, coping, metal handle 



12 FARMWOODWOEK 

1 — Saw, hack, 10 inch, with one doz. blades 

1 — Saw set 

1 — Saw vise (home made) 

3 —Screwdrivers, 4 inch, 8 inch and 10 inch 

3 — Sliding T bevels, two 6 inch, one 8 inch 

2 — Squares, steel 18 inch x 24 inch, polished, (rafter framing) 

1*— Squares, try, 8-inch blades, wood handle 

1 — Square, mitre (blade fixed at angle of 45°) 

Tape in case — 100 ft 

1-inch iron bench screw for home made bench vise. (1 for each vise 

needed. ) 

1 — Blacksmith's vise, 314-inch jaw 

1* — Bench stops (home made) 

1 — 10-inch monkey wrench 

1* — Two-foot rules, four fold 

1*— Bench hook (home made) 

♦Equipment needed in sets of one for each boy. 

Additional Desirable Equipment 

1 — 11/2-inch scratch awl 

1 — Expansion bit % inch, 3 inch 

1 — Bit brace, 12-inch sweep (ratchet with jaws holding square shank 

drills) 

1 — Chalk line with reel to fit scratch awl 

1 —Carpenter's chalk 

1 — File, bastard cut, 8 inch 

1 — File, bastard cut, 12 inch 

1 — File, round, 10 inch 

1 — Gauge, mortise 

1 — Gauge, 1/2 inch, inside firmer 

1 — Hand axe 

1 — Cross cut saw tool 

1 — Cross cut set gauge 

1 — Cross cut saw set 

2 —Planes, block, 6 inch adjustable 

1 — Plane, smooth, 9-inch iron, 2-inch cutter 

1 — Plane, fore, 18-inch iron, 2-inch cutter 

1 — Plumb bob 

1 — Spoke shave, two cutters, 1 straight, 1 curved 

1 — Floor brush 

Blacksmith's Tools 

Necessary Equipment 

1 — Anvil, 80 or 100 lbs., steel Avith hardened face 

1 — Hardie to fit anvil 

6 — Cold chisels (assorted sizes % inch to % inch) 

1 — Set of drills, % inch to 1/2 inch by 16ths, with square shank to fit bit 
stock 



FARM WOODWORK 13 

1 — Breast drill with chuck to take square shank fitting bit stock 

1 — Forge, portable, with hood and tub 

1 — Hammer, blacksmith's 2 lb 

1 — Hammer, ball pein, 24 oz 

1 — Hammer, riveting 10 oz 

1 — Punch, center 

1 — Tongs, 18-inch length, straight lip, i/4-inch opening 

1 — Tongs, bolt % inch, V2-inch opening 

1 — Tongs, 18-inch length, fluted jaw, for i/4 inch, 5/6-inch iron 

1 — Emery or carborundum high-geared grinder with 1 coarse and 1 

medium grit wheel 

1 — Steel square 8 inch x 12 inch 

1 — Set, stock, dies and taps fV inch, 26 threads, 14 inch, 20, 5/16 inch, 

18, 7/16 inch, I/2 inch, 14 for threading bolts and nuts 

Desirable Equipment 

1 — Drill, % inch, I/2 inch shank 

1 — Drill press, self feed, with chuck to take square shank twist drills ... 

Pipe Fitting (Desirable) 

Necessary Equipment 

1 — Cutter, 3 wheel, cutting 14 inch, 2 inch 

1 — Stock and dies, Armstrong type, cutting 14 inch, 1/0 inch, % inch, 

1 inch, 11/4 inch, II/2 inch, and 2 inch threading pipe 

1 — Pipe vise, capacity 14 inch, 2 inch 

1 — Wrench, 18-inch Stillson pattern, iron handle 

1 — Wrench, 12-inch Stillson pattern, iron handle 

Tinning 

Necessary Equipment 
1 ■ — Soldering scraper 

1 — Blow torch 

2 —Coppers, 2 lb 

1 — Snips, 314-inch cut 

1 — Bar solder, half and half 

Muriatic acid and zinc 

1 — Sal ammoniac 

Harness Repair 

Necessary Equipment 

1 — Claw tool 

1 — Pricking wheel 

12 — Sewing awls, assorted 

6 — Awl hafts 

1 — Knife, harness maker's straight 

1 — Punch, revolving 4 tube 

1/4 — lb. Black shoemaker's wax 

2 — Paper needles assorted sizes ' 

6 — Balls harness thread No. 10 white 

1 — Box 50 assorted split rivets 



14 FARMWOODWORK 

1 — Round knife, 5 inch 

1 — Rex riveting machine 

1 — Common edge tool 

1 — Finishing wheel No. 40 

1 — Single edge creaser 

1 — Rivet set 



Harness Repair Parts 

Harness oil 

6 — 1 inch sham roller buckles 

6 — 1 inch wire bent heel harness buckles 

6 — Repair clips for end of hames 

6 — Wrought iron % inch hame clips 

2 — Doz. % inch hame staples with washers. ..... 

6 — Bottom hame repair loops 

4 — Common line rings and studs 

4 — Pairs, hold back plates and rings 

1 — lb 11/4 inch soft iron hame rivets . . . 

1 — Pair over top wood hames 20 inch 

1 — Black, % pound cake harness soap 

4 — Boxes tubular harness rivets (assorted) 

2 — Doz. Conway loops assorted 

1 — Box screw cockeyes 1% inch 

1/2 — Doz. Wrot Concord Clips 

1 — Box assorted repair dees 

y'2 — Doz. 1 inch buckle shield No. 1 

1 — Doz. repair roller buckles 

1 ^Doz. assorted snaps 

1/4 — Doz. team trace splicers 

1 — qt. Miller's edge ink 

1 — Doz. hame buckles and loops 

1 — Doz. 1 inch halter squares 

1 — Doz. assorted rings %, yg inch, 1 inch (black) . 

2 — Doz. assorted %, %> 1 inch leather slide loops. 

1 — Side harness leather for general work 

1 — Package y^ inch swede tacks 

1/4 — lb. Soft iron rivets assorted % inch to % inch. , 



FARM SHOP PROBLEMS 



16 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



17 



FARM SHOP WORK BENCH 

Bill of Material 



Lumber for bench: 






Pieces 


Dimensions 


Use 


1 


I%"xl0"x8'0''' 


Top (Maple or other hard 
wood) 


1 


i§"10"x8' 0" 


Top (soft wood) 


4 


I%"x5%"x2'7" 


Legs 


2 


I%"x5%"xl8%" 


Sills 


2 


Il"x4"xl8%" 


End braces 


2 


ir'x4"x6' 5%" 


Long braces 


1 


il"x4"13%" 


Cross brace 


2 


ir'xl0"x8' 0" 


Aprons 


2 


il"x3"xl8%" 


Drawer guides 


2 


^r'xil"xl8%" 


Drawer guides 


1 


i|x6"xl8" 


Drawer front 


2 


ii"x6"xl9" 


Drawer sides 


1 


il"x4il"xl7" 


Drawer back 


2 


ii"x9^"xl6%" 


Drawer bottom 


Lumber for vise: 






1 


I%"x7y2"x24" 


Jaw (oak, maple or other 
hardwood) 


2 


il"x2"xl7" 


Horizontal braces (oak, 
maple or other hardwood) 


2 


ig"x2"x2' 71/2" 


Diagonal braces (oak, maple 
or other hardwood) 



Hardware for bench: 

7 carriage bolts %"x6V2" with washers, for holding sills to legs. 
1 carriage bolt %"x6" with washer, for holding sill to leg. 

4 carriage bolts %"x7" with washers, for holding top to sills. 
40 flat head bright wood screws, 1%" No. 8 or 9 for fastening top board, 

aprons, braces, and drawer guides. 
20 6d common nails for fastening long braces to legs. 
1 doz. 4d. common nails for assembling drawer guides. 
% lb. 6d. finishing nails for assembling drawer. 
Hardware for vise: 

1 iron bench screw %" or 1" with handle. 
4 flat head bi'ight wood screws 1%" No. 12 for fastening bench screw to 
jaw. 

8 flat head bright wood screws 2" No. 12 for fastening braces to jaw. 
8 flat head bright wood screws %" No. 8 for fastening braces at joints. 

Directions 

Dry lumber should be used for all parts of the bench and vise. Soft 
lumber may be used for all parts excepting the vise and top plank. Oak, 
maple, hard pine or other hard lumber should be used for these members. 
All lumber should be surfaced on two sides to the th^'^knesses called for 
in the draAving. 

1. Cut the legs to length 2' 1", and lay out the mortises at one end 
of each leg to receive the ends of the sills as shown in the detail drawing 
1%" X 5%" removing the stock with the cross cut and rip saws. 

A Gi^'' bolt at the top of the back leg at vise end would prevent 
the vise from closing. This is overcome by cutting I/2'' out of the edge 
of the leg at the top and using the 6" bolt. 

2. Lay out the gains on the outside edges of the legs, %" deep, 4'' 
wide and 6" from the bottom ends to receive the cross braces. 

3. Cut the sills to length, 18%" and fasten them to the legs with 
two %." X 61/2" carriage bolts at each joint. Use the square to assure right 



18 FARMWOODWORK 

angles between the legs and sills. 

4. Fasten the cross braces to the legs using two 1%" No. 8 or 9 
flat head screAvs at each joint. 

5. Cut the long braces to dimensions and fasten them in place, 
using five 6d common nails at each joint. Make sure that the legs stand 
at right angle to the long braces. 

6. Cut the middle cross brace to length ISy^' and fasten to the two 
long braces Avith two 1%" No. 8 or 9 flat head screws at each end. 

7. Cut an opening in the upper edge of the front apron 18" long and 
6" deep, 24" from the front end of the board for the drawer. 

8. Fasten the aprons to the legs, using three 1%" No. 8 or 9 flat 
head screws at each leg except the vise leg on which the middle screw is 
omitted because of the bench scrcAv. 

9. Lay out the mortises on the front apron for the horizontal braces 
of the vise so that the top of the mortises are 7" from the top of the bench 
or 51/i" from the top of the apron, and so that the inside of the mortises 
fall flush with the sides of the legs. The mortises should be made slightly 
larger than the braces to proAdde a free working of the braces through 
the mortises. 

10. Locate and bore a hole for the bench screAv Avith a bit 1/16" 
larger than the bench screAv thru the apron and legs on a center line 
of the leg 71/2" from the top of the bench, or 5%'' from the top of the 
apron. 

11. Place the bench scrcAv through the hole and fasten the screAv 
Avasher in place on the inside of the leg Avith tAvo 1%" No. 12 flat head 
Avood scrcAvs. 

12. The braces for the vise are assembled at the half lap joint and 
placed thru the apron from the inside and fastened to the jaAv of the vise 
Avith tAvo No. 12 flat head Avood scrcAvs at each brace. 

13. Assemble the draAver guides as shown in the detail drawing, 
using six 4d common nails for each guide, and fasten in position, using 
tAvo 1%" No. 8 or 9 flat head sercAvs at each end of each piece. 

14. The methods of constructing a draAver depends somcAvhat upon 
the tools and machines at hand. If a grooving plane, buzz saAv or dado 
saAv are at hand, the method suggested in the detail draAvings is to be 
preferred. 

It Avill be noted that grooA^es are cut in the side pieces near the loAver 
edge and also near the rear end to receive the bottom and end pieces. A 
groove is also cut in the draAver front at the inside near the bottom to 
receive the front end of the bottom. The draAver front should be con- 
structed at both ends as shoAvn in the detail draAA^ngs. If the aboA^e 
tools are not at hand this may be done Avith saAv, chisel and mallet 
Simple box construction Avhere only butt joints are used makes a A-ery 
substantial draAver if securely nailed. Six penny finishing nails may 
be used. 

15. For a draAver pull in tliis place an opening 1" Avide by 4" long 



FARM WOODWOEK 



19 



is preferable to a drawer pull which is fastened to the outside of the 
drawer, as it is out of the way. 

16. Lay the top plank in place, clamp tightly, and draw lines across 
over the center of the cross sills. 

17. On each line just drawn locate two points; one l^/o" from the 
back edge and one 3i/4" from the front edge. 

18. Bore holes %'' deep on points just located with %" bit. 

19. Continue holes thru planks and into sills with %" bit. 

20. Remove planks and continue holes thru sill. 

21. Place planks in position and fasten with %" x 7" carriage bolts, 
using one washer for each bolt. 

22. Plug the holes in the top of the plank. 

23. Fasten the top board by using three 1%" No. 8 or 9 flat head 
screws thru the board into each sill. 




Fig. 2. Another View of tlie Farm Shop Work Bench and Farm Woodworking Tools. 



DETAILS OF DOUBLE 
WORK BENCH 



OE--'ji|i. 



CE-i 



%-.':c 



-01- 






°"^- 



Cum 






H 




. _ j'l^i't 



H 



i^ 




FARM WOODWORK 



21 



A SIX STUDENT WORKBENCH FOR THE 
RURAL HIGH SCHOOL 

•A demand for a woodworking bench, at which a number of boys can 
work, caused the bench illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 and described here to 
be designed and built. The bench has been made and used successfully 
in a number of rural high schools where space and funds will not allow 
the purchase and use of the familiar individual type of bench. 
Bench Stop — Bill of Material 

Pieces Dimensions Use Material 

1 %"xl"x8" Leftside Softwood 

1 %"x4y2"x8" Wedge Softwood 

1 %"x4"x8" Right side Softwood 

5 flat head, bright wood screws 1%" No. 8 or 9. 

Vise — Bill of Material 



Pieces 
1 

2 
2 



Dimensions 

I%"x7y2"x24" 



Use 
Jaw 



ii"x2"xl7" 
il"x2"x2'7y2" 
1 iron bench screw 



r. Material 
Oak, maple 

or hard pine 
Oak or maple 
Oak or maple 



Horizontal brace 

Diagonal brace 

%", r or iVs". 

4 flat head, bright wood screws 1^/^", No. 12, for fastening vise to jaw. 

8 flat head, bright wood screws 2", No. 12, for fastening braces to jaw. 

8 flat head, bright wood screws %", No. 8, for fastening braces at joint. 

Workbench^Bill of Material 

Use Material 

Top Hard wood 

Legs Soft wood 

Sills Soft wood 

End cross braces at bottom Soft wood 

Cross braces at bottom Soft wood 

Middle horizontal braces at bottom Soft wood 
Horizontal braces at bottom Soft wood 

Aprons 
32 carriage bolts %"x7" with washers for bolting top to sills. 
16 carriage bolts %"x6%" with washers for bolting sills to legs. 
4% dozen flat head, bright wood screws 1%", No. 8 or 9, for fastening 
braces and aprons to legs. 
16 8d finishing nails for toenailing the two middle cross braces to the legs. 



Pieces 


Dimensions 


4 


I%"xl0"xl6"xl0' 


8 


l%"x5%"2'7" 


4 


I%"x5%"x3'2% 


2 


il"x4"x3'2%" 


2 


il"x4"x2' 10%" 


2 


ii"x4"x4' ll/ff" 


2 


ii-"x4"x5' lyg" 


2 


}r'xll"xl6'0" 




"-Fig. 3. Rural School Work Bench (T,.i, Ke 



k-ei? to Show Framing and Vises.) 



22 



FARM WOODWORK 




FAEM WOODWORK 



23 



Directions 

All lumber for tlie bench should be thoroly dry. The top can best 
be made of hard pine planks which should be planed on both sides and 
jointed. If they are gotten out at a mill it is well to have them dressed 
to exactly ten inches in width and matched at the mill so that they will 
draw up to tight joints and make a top of exactly forty inches. 

Pieces narrov.-er than ten inches cannot be used for the top of a 
double bench where this kind of vise is used as the upper ends of the 
horizontal braces interfere with each other. It may be noted in the 
illustration that the points have been sawed off so as to prevent inter- 
ference when opposite vises are closed at the same time. 




Fig. 5. Rural .School Work Bench with Six Vises. 



1. Cut the eight legs to exactly the same length, 2' 7" and lay out 
the mortises 1%" x 5%" on one edge at one end of each piece and cut 
the mortises with the cross-cut saw and rip saw. (Do not split out the 
Avood for the mortises.) 

2. Cut the four sills to exactly the same length, 3' 2%", and fasten 
to the legs with two %" x 6V2" carriage bolts at each joint. It is well 
to measure the exact width of the four planks and the thickness of the 
two aprons and regulate the length of the sills accordingly. Any devia- 
tion from the widths called for in the drawing must be corrected here. 

3. Measure and cut the two lower end cross braces to the same 
length as the sills, 3' 23/3", and fasten with two IV2'' No. 8 or 9 flat head 
wood screws at each end of each piece. 

4. Measure and cut the horizontal braces to the lengths called for 
in the above bill of material and fasten to the legs with three IMi" 
No. 8 or 9 .flat head wood screws at each end of each piece. The two 
middle lower cross braces should be cut to their length, 4' llfV", and 
placed in position at the same time as the lower horizontal braces as 
they butt against the legs between the horizontal braces. They should 
be fa&tened by toenailing with t^o 8d finishing nails from each side. 



24 



FARM WOODWORK 



5. Fasten the aprons in the positions Avith three IV2" ^^o- 8 or 9 
flat head wood screws. Avoid placing a screw in the center where it 
will interfere with the bench screw. 

6. Lay out the mortises in the apron for the horizontal braces of 
the vise so that the top of the mortises are 7" from the top of the bench 
or 51/4'' from the top of the apron and so that the inside of the mortises 
falls flush with the sides of the legs. The mortises should be made slight- 
ly larger than the braces so that the braces will work thru them freely. 

7. Locate and bore a hole for the bench screws with a bit 1/16" 
larger than the bench screw thru the aprons and legs on a center line 
of the leg, 7I/2'' from the top of the bench, or 5%" from the top of the 
apron. 




Fiy. 6. Inside View of Vise. 



8. Place the bench screw thru the hole and fasten the screw washer 
in place on the inside of the leg with two 1%" No. 12 flat h^ad wood 
screws. 

9. The braces for the vise are assembled at the half-lap joint and 
placed thru the apron from the inside and fastened to the jaw of the 
vise with two 2" No. 12 flat head Avood screws at each brace. 

10. Lay the top planks in place, clamp tightly, and draw lines 
across over the center of the cross sills. 

11. Locate points on lines just drawn, li/^" from each edge of each 
plank, excepting the outside edge of the outside planks which are 3i/4''. 

12. Bore holes %" deep on points just located with %" bit. 

13. Continue holes thru planks and into sills with %" bit. 

14. Remove planks and continue holes thru sills. 

15. Place planks in position and fasten with bolts, usini; one washer 
for each bolt. 

16. Plug the holes in the top of the bencli. 



FARM WOODWORK 



25 




26 



FARM WOODWORK 







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FARM WOODWORK 



27 



It is recommended that the tool racks which are dimensioned on p. 
26 be made of oak, maple or other hardwood. These racks are in use in 
the author's shop and not only hold the tools but hold them in such a 
way that they may be removed quickly and without loss of motion. It 
may be noted that the saw rack, Fig. 7, holds the saws in such a way 
that the workman may talvc a saw from the rack and use it without 
change of position of the hand. 

As indicated by the silhouette of the draw shave on p. 26, it is very 
desirable to paint a silhouette of all tools where they are to hang. It 
encourages having a place for each tool and keeping it in that place 
when not in use. 







Fig. 7. Detail of Raf-k for Woodworking 
Tools. 



28 



FARM WOODWORK 



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FARM WOODWORK 29 



LUMBER RACK 



In school shops and on the farms it is highly desirable that a place 
be provided for the storage of lumber and that this place be such as 
may be gotten at easily and so arranged that any piece of lumber may 
be taken from the stock on hand without moving large quantities. 

The particular arrangement of a shop makes a situation peculiar to 
that shop, due to space, light, windows, stairs, doors, benches, etc. and 
each farm presents a problem of its OM^n. One farm may have space 
for lumber in the attic of the farm shop, while on another it may be 
required to store it in the implement shed, granary or elsewhere. 

The draM'ing is one of a simple, yet serviceable, rack which may 
be placed in any of the above places. It is seldom that a large quantity 
of one kind of lumber need be kept on hand, but a variety is desirable. 
This rack, as may be noted, is provided with ten shelves to make this 
provision. 

In some instances on farms, the 4'' x 4" posts may be extended up 
and fastened to a joist, rafter or collar beam above and thus dispense 
Avith the long horizontal members. 

It is difficult and often impossible to make a desirable finished article 
in farm wood work either in the school shop or home farm shop out of 
warped, weatherbeaten, knotty lumber or dry goods boxes. If it is de- 
sired in the school shop or home farm shops to make farm devices or 
appliances which will promote the mechanical end of farming it seems 
advisable to first obtain a quantity of such lumber, as a first-class car- 
penter would need to construct the desired articles and store it in a dry 
place on a lumber rack. 



10 



FARM WOODWORK 



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FARM WOODWORK 31 



CARPENTRY APRON 

Denim or ticking is the material most commonly used. An apron oi" 
this size requires about I14 yards. No. 40 thread may be used, and the 
sewing machine should be set so as to make ten or twelve stitches to 
the inch. 

Cut the apron to the measurements called for in the drawing. The 
measurements given in the drawing are for the finished apron and there- 
fore %" must be allowed on all edges to make a 14" hem. 

When dividing the apron at the bottom do not take a piece out, 
simply cut the slash the given length. 

Turn and baste a 1/4'' hem around the apron. As the hem is basted, 
slip the unfinished end of a strap under the hem at the correct place 
so that, when the hem is stitched, the strap is also stitched into place. 
Reinforce the corner of the slash at the bottom by facing it in a slight 
curve with a bias piece of material or by facing it with a shaped piece. 
Stitch the hem in place. 

Bring the straps up at right angles to the edge of the apron and 
fasten them to the outer edge. 

Press the apron. 

Cut and hem the pockets. Crease a I/4" turn around the unfinished 
edges. Press them and sew them in place. 



32 



FARM WOODWOEK 




FARMWOODWORK 33 

NAIL AND STAPLE BOX 

Material Required 

1 piece of any soft wood I"x9%"xl4%", 
1 piece of any soft wood l^"xl0"x26". 

1 piece hard wood %"x%"xll%". 

Hardware 

2 flat head bright wood screws 1%" No. 10. 
32 5d finishing nails. 

2 1" No. 16 brads. 

Stock Bill 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

2 %"x9"x7" Ends 

2 y2"x4-15/32"xl0y2" Sides 

1 y2"x5,lTxlOy2" Bottom 

1 y2"x3}r'xlOy2" Partition 

2 y2"x3ii"x3-25/32" Cross Partitions 
1 %" round xll" Handle 

Directions 

1. Reduce all pieces to finished dimensions. 

2. Lay out an end piece by drawing a line across each edge 4" 
from the bottom end and two lines across the bottom end II/2" from 
edge. Connect lines across edges with lines across ends. Draw a center 
line lengthwise of stock on each side. At a point on center line on one 
side, %" from the top, bore a %" hole y^' deep to receive handle. At a 
point on the centerline on the opposite side of the stock %" from end, 
swing an arc with a %" radius. 

Draw lines on both sides of the stock from the lines across the edges 
tangent to the arc. 

Remove stock to lines with the saw and smooth with the plane. 
Smooth the rounding end of the stock with the chisel. 

3. With the T bevel set at 12" on the beam and 41/2" on the blade of 
the steel square lay out the bevels at the bottom edges of the sides, and 
both edges of the bottom and remove stock to line with plane. 

4. With the T bevel set as above, lay off the slant for the cross 
partitions and remove the stock with the saAv. 

5. Take the %" square piece of hardwood and at each end lay out 
an octagon as shown in the detail drawing, mark off the octagonal 
lines on the sides of the stock and remove the stock to lines with the 
plane. Continue rounding the stock by planing the corners. 

6. Assemble the box by placing the handle in position and securing 
it Avith one 1%" No. 10 flat head wood screw at each end and then fasten- 
ing the sides to the ends by using three 5d finishing nails at each end 
of each piece spaced as shown in the draAving. 

7. Place the box on the bench and lay the bottom in place, securing 
it with tAvo 5d, finishing nails at each end. 

8. On the centerlines which are at the ends of .the end pieces, drive 
tAvo 5d nails to hold the partition in place. Fasten the partition to the 
bottom by driving four nails into the partition from the bottom of the box. 



3^ 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



35 



9. The cross partitions are fastened by use of three nails thru the 
side of the box and one from the bottom. A 1" brad is used to toenail 
it to the long partition. 

10. Finish by applying two coats of paint, allowing the first coat 
several days to dry before the second coat is applied. 



FOLDING BENCH 

Stock Bill 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

4 %"x2%"x4'0" Platform 

2 %"x2%"xl4" Ends 

4 %"x2%"x20%" Legs 

2 %"x2^/i"xl2y2" Braces for legs 

1 %"x2i/4"x9%" Center brace 

Hardware: 28 flat head wood screws 2%" No. 10. 

4 machine bolts %"x3" with two washers for each bolt. 

Directions 

Cypress lumber is desirable as it is not affected as much as most 
other soft woods by the constant drying and wetting which the bench 
is subjected to. 




Fig. 8A. Folding Bench. 




Fig. 8B. Bench Partly Folded. 



36 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARMWOODWORK 37 



MITER BOX 



In farm woodwork it is in most instances unnecessary to plane the 
side of a board merely to remove the planer marks when the board is 
already of the required thickness. It is also unnecessary to plane the 
ends of a board if a good cut has been made with the saw. Much end 
planing indicates poor sawing, and it is suggested that one who cannot 
make an end cut on a board so that the end w^ill be square with the side 
and edge, had better take a piece of scrap lumber and practice sawing 
until he can produce the desired result with the saw and not be required 
to fix it up with the plane. The result of each saAV cut should be care- 
fully analyzed and the error traced to its cause and overcome by direc- 
tion thru the muscles of hand and arm. 

To do this requires skill, care and time. The miter box is a means 
of accomplishing the same result in less time, without skill or care. For 
the sake of time and convenience it is recommended that it be used only 
after one has acquired the skill to saw an end square at every attempt. 
If he does not acquire the skill but depends on the mitre box entirely, 
he will need to take the box with him wherever skill is required. It is 
easier to carry the skill. 

WASTE BASKET 

A waste basket with solid sides is to be preferred to one made of 
slats, as it is more likely to fulfill the purpose of the basket which is to 
hold waste. The bottom should project enough to reduce to a minimum 
the possibility of the basket tipping over. Stock %" thick, if it is avail- 
able, is heavy enough for the sides. Cypress, basswood or other soft 
wood free from knots, being lighter than the hardwood, is to be pre- 
ferred. Both sides of the stock should be planed smooth and lightly 
sanded, drawing the sandpaper lengthwise of the grain of the wood only. 
The basket may be finished by applying two coats of shellac. Allow 
the first coat at least 24 hours to dry before the second coat is applied. 




Fig. 9. Waste Basket of 
Wood. 



38 



FARM WOODWORK 



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FARM WOODWORK 39 

SEED CORN TESTING BOX 

Lumber Required 

Any softwood lumber may be used, though cypress is preferable as 
it is affected least by change of moisture content. Matched flooring is 
desirable for the bottom as it will hold the moisture better than un- 
matched lumber, but any lumber will do if the edges are jointed smooth. 

Hardware Required 

8 1%" No. 9 flat head bright wood screws for corners. 
24 1%" No. 8 flat head bright wood screws for floor. 
3 doz. 8d. finishing nails for assembling box. 

Stock Bill 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

4 . ii"x9"x3' 0" Floor 

2 fl"x3"x3'l%" Sills 

2 ir'x4"x3'l%" Sides 

2 i3"x4"x3' %" Ends 

Directions 

It is not necessary that boards exactly 9" wide be used for the floor. 
Any width of boards at hand Avill do just as Avell. 

A cheaper method of fastening the floor to the sills is that of using 
6d. common nails instead of the screws. These nails will need to be 
clinched as they are 2" long, M'hich is %" longer than the thickness of 
the sill and floor. 

SEED CORN RACK 

Stock Bill 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

2 }r'x4"x3'5%" Uprights 

1 ir'x4"x3' %" Top 

1 ^r'x4"x3' 0" Bottom 

2 ii"x4"xl6" Feet 
Hardware: 50 yds. No. 18 annealed wire (3 coils of stove pipe Avire). 

8 1%" No. 9 flat head bright wood screws. 
10 1%" No. 8 flat head bright wood screws. 
68 3d fine shingle nails. 

Directions 

It should be noted that the top is set into the upright at top 3/16". 
This makes a shoulder for the top to rest on instead of being supported 
entirely by screws. 

In fastening the wire, begin by fastening the Avire securely to the. 
nail at the lower corner and then draw the Avire as indicated by the 
arroAA' points. Use the pliers and draAv the AA'ire tight. In placing the 
Avire the opposite way it should be woven above and below the first 
wires, this Avill hold all wires more rigid. 

Use of Rack and Testing Box 

The roAvs are numbered at the top and lettered at the left so that 
any ear of corn in the rack may be specified as lA, IB, 2C, 3D, 8F, 12A etc. 

Mark a cloth checkerboard fashion into 3" squares and number and 
letter the squares as on the rack. 

Place about 2" of saAvdust in the testing box, moisten it and cover 
it AA-ith the checkered cloth. Place six seeds from space lA on the rack 



40 



FARM WOODWORK 




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FARM WOODWORK 41 

in square lA in the box. Place six seeds from each ear in the correspond- 
ing square on the cloth in the box. 

Cover the seeds with another cloth and spread 1" of damp sawdust 
over the top. This top covering is easier to handle if made into a saw- 
dust pad 1" thick. 

Poor ears may be located by this method and discarded. 



ADJUSTABLE WAGON JACK 

Stock Bill 

Lumber: Oak, maple or other hardwood. 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

3 y8"x6"xl4" Base 

2 %"x4"x26" Posts 

1 %"x4"x3' 6" Lever 

2 Vi."xy8"xlO" Guides for lever bolt 
2 carriage bolts %"x5^' with washers to bolt posts to base. 

1 machine bolt %"x3%" with two washers, fulcrum for lever. 

1 machine bolt W's.A'^A" with two washers for holding rod to posts. 

1 piece of iron %"x%"x8" to place on top of lever at axle end. 

1 piece of iron rod %"x3' 4". 

4 flat head wood screws %" No. 7 to fasten iron at top of lever. 

6 flat head wood screws IV2" No. 9 to fasten guides for lever bolt to posts. 

A machine bolt Wy^^Vz" may be used as a fulcrum for the lever. In that 
event V2" holes must be made instead of %". 




Fig. 10. Wagon Jack. 



42 



FARM WOODWORK 



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FARM WOODWORK 



43 



TAKE-DOWN HORSE FOR TABLES, CRATES, ETC. 

Stock Bill 



ieces 


Dimensions 


Use 


4 


ir'x4"x2'x7%" 


Legs 


1 


il"x4"x3' 0" 


Top 


2 


fi"x6"x8%" 


Aprons 



20 flat head screws IV2" No. 8. 

Directions 

This take-down horse is planned to be used Avhei-e supports are 
needed only temporarily, e. g., tables for picnics, church suppers, bazaars, 
fairs, €tc. Its advantage over a solidly assembled horse is that it may 
be taken apart and stored in small space when not in use. 

For laying off the slant at the ends of the legs the T bevel is set at 
12" on the blade and 3%" on the tongue of the steel square. 

It may be noted in the detail drawings that notches are cut on both 
sides of the top member at points 5" from the ends so as to leave the 
top 1/2" thick at those points. After the legs are fastened together with 
the aprons, a slot is cut 1/2" wide and 4'' deep at top of legs. This per- 
mits the top to slip into the slot and holds the horse rigid. 





Fig. 11. Take Down Horse. 



44 



FARM WOODWORK 




F A R M W O O D W O R K 45 



SAW HORSE 





Stock 


Bill 




Lumber: 












Pieces 


Dimensions 








Use 


2 


ii"x5%"x3'0" 








Sides 


4 


ii"x3%"x24" 








Legs 


2 


l%"xbiV'xbW 








Braces 


2 


il"x4"xll%" 








Aprons 


Hardwai'e : 


24 flat head bright wood 


screws 


l%" 


No. 10. 




20 flat head bright wood 


screws 


IVs" 


No. 9. 



Directions 

1. Reduce all pieces to dimensions as called for in the stock bill. 

2. For laying out the bevel at ends of the legs, set the T bevel at 
6" on the blade and 1-1/16" on the tongue of the steel square and draw 
lines across the sides of the legs. 

3. To lay out the slant at the ends of the legs set the T bevel at 
6" on the blade and 1-9/16" on the tongue of the steel square and draw 
lines across the edges of the legs. 

4. To make the aprons fit tight against the legs, bevel the outside 
edges of the legs with the T bevel set at 9" on the blade and 1/4" on the 
tongue of the steel square. 

5. Fasten the sides to the braces with three 1%" No. 10 flat head 
screws at each end of each piece. 

6. Fasten the legs to the sides with five li/V' No. 9 flat head screws 
in each leg. 

7. Fasten the aprons by using three IV2" No. 9 flat head screws 
at each end of each piece. 



Fig. 12. Saw Horse. 



46 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 47 



SAW FILING CLAMP 

Stock Bill 

2 I%"x3%"x4'0" Posts 

3 ii"x3V2"x22' Braces 
2 ii"x4"x2' 8" Clamps 

1 iy2"xlV2"xl%" Hardwood block for tapping clamps 

in slot to hold saw. 
18 6d common nails to fasten braces. 
2 carriage bolts i/4"x4" to strengthen posts at top. 
24" of a heavy cord to attach hardwood block. 
2 poultry netting staples to fasten cord to block and top brace. 



Directions 

The height of the posts, which is four feet, is a convenient size for 
a person of average size. It may be varied to suit the individual. 

The clamps as called for in the drawing and stock bill are 32" long. 
This is a size suitable for the average handsaAvs. Longer clamps and 
deeper cuts at top of posts will be found more satisfactory for big cross- 
cut saws. 

The hardwood block is a convenience for tapping the clamps in the 
notches Avhen the saw is in place between the clamps. It is placed over 
the saw and clamps directly over the posts and tapped firmly with a 
hammer. By its use the saw is not hit with or the clamps marred by 
the hammer. 



48 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



49 



FARM TOOL BOX 

Bill of Material 

Use hardwood for handle and any soft wood for rest of box. 
Pieces Dimensions Use 

2 %"xl0"xl2" Ends 

1 y2"x6%"x20y2'' Bottom of box 

2 y2"x35s"x20y2" Sides of box 

1 ^/^"x2%"x20V2" Bottom of nail tray 

2 y2"x2y2"x20y2" sides of nail tray 

3 l^"xl%"x4ys" Partitions in nail tray 
1 %" round x21" long Handle 

Hardware: 2 flat head bright wood screws 2" No. 10 for handle. 
2 doz. 6d. finishing nails. 
4 doz. 4d. finishing nails. 

Directions 

For fastening handle see direction on "Berry Stand." 

For construction of handle see "Vise Handle." 

The purpose of this tool box is to furnish a means of carrying a 
quantity of tools, nails, screws, staples, etc, to any point about the farm 
where work is to be done. For example, a repair and construction job 
may require the following: cross-cut saw, pinch bar, hand ax, claw ham- 
mer, staple puller, wire stretcher, nails and staples. These tools may all 
be placed in the box and carried conveniently as well as kept together. 




Fig. 13. Farm Tool Box. 



50 



FARM WOODWORK 













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FARMWOODWORK 51 

WOOD BOX 

Lumber Stock Bill 



Lumber: (6 
Pieces 


matched flooring). 

Dimensions 


Use 


2 


ir'x2"xl8%" 


Sills 


4 


il"x5%"x2'10%" 


Floor 


6 


ii"x5i4"x3'0" 


Front 


7 


ig"x5%"xS'0" 


Back 


13 


il"x5%"xl8%" 


Ends 


2 


il"x2"x2'2%'' 


Front posts 


2 


ir'x2"x2'll%" 


Back posts 


4 


ig-"x5%"x3'2" 


Door 


2 


il"x2"xl7y2" 


Door straps 


2 


ir'x2"x20" 


Cleats for ends at top 


1 


ii"x4"x3' 2" 


Top 


Hardware: 


16 6d common nails for nailing floor to sills. 




1 % lb. 8d finishing nails for assembling box. 




28 flat head bright wood screws 1^4" 
door and cleats to ends. 


No. 8 for fastening straps to 




2 light T hinges. 





Directions 

In assembling the box the floor boards are nailed to the sills with 
6d common nails and the nails are clinched. 

The bottom end boards are fastened to the floor Avith three 8d finish- 
ing nails into the end of each floor board. The end boards are fastened 
to the posts with three 8d finishing nails at each end of each board. 
The cleats at the top are fastened to the top end boards with three 
1%" No. 8 flat head bright screws placed from the inside. 

The front and back boards are secured by placing two 8d finishing 
nails at each end of each board into the ends of the end pieces and two 
into the post. Those in the post are clinched on the inside. 

The top board is fastened in place with 8d finishing nails. 

In assembling the door the boards should be drawn tightly together 
with clamps. The straps are then placed in position and fastened by 
placing tAvo l^/o" No. 8 flat head wood screws into each board at each 
strap, placing the screws from the inside of the door. 

Bevel the top edge of the door and fasten the door in place. 

Set the. nails with a nail set ; putty the holes, and paint the box a 
color suitable for the room where it is to be placed. 



52 



FARM WOODWORK 



diock Bill 
Pieces Dimensions 

6 a'/ 2" X 10" 

6 ax io"x 3-10/ 

# lb. ed common 



Use 
Posts 
Cleats 
Shelves 
nails 




Fruit Can Rack 



FARM WOODWORK 



53 



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54 



FARM WOODWORK 





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FARMWOODWORK 55 



KITCHEN TABLE 

The frames of kitchen tables are usually made of hard Mood, maple, 
birch or oak. Maple or birch make a very desirable top though bass- 
wood is used for this purjDose extensively and is very satisfactory. 

The legs of kitchen tables are frequently 2I/4" or 2V2" square at top 
and tapered at bottom. The drawing calls for legs which are 1%'' x 2V2" 
at top and tapered on the two edges only so as to be 1%" square at the 
bottom. This has been done to make it possible to saw the legs out of 
an ordinary 2" plank. 

The sides and ends are fastened to the legs with mortise and tenon 
joints, Fig. A. The joints should be glued with hot glue. The corners 
are further stiffened with braces as shoAvn in the detail drawing, Fig. A. 
These braces should be fastened to the side and end pieces with at least 
three flat head wood screws at each end of each brace. 

A piece 16'' long is cut out of the front side piece for a drawer 
front. This piece is then shaped at the ends as shown in Fig. B. 

The drawer sides are y^' x 4" x 16" and are provided with two 
1/^" X \" X 16" cleats fastened to the outside as shown in Fig. C. Quarter 
inch stock is used for the drawer bottom. If means are at hand for 
plowing a groove on the insides of the side pieces I/4" wide and 1/4" 
from the bottom edge of the side pieces it is desirable to do so. Other- 
wise the bottom is merely nailed in place. 

Two pieces of stock y<^" x 4" are extended between sides at right 
and left of the drawer respectively. They are fastened to the sides of 
the table by use of blocks and screws as shown in Fig. D. A cleat 
1/2" X 1" X 16" is fastened to the inside of the two guides. This cleat 
fits between the two cleats which are on the outside of the drawer and 
holds the drawer in place. 

The drawer need not be provided with a draw pull as it is as 
easily opened by clasping it at the bottom. 

The top may be constructed of three or more boards. 

These boards are carefully jointed, held even with dowel pins and 
glued. 

The top is held to the table by use of blocks as indicated in Fig. E. 
At least ten such blocks should be used — two at each end and three at 
each side. 

When the table is assembled the legs, sides and ends should be 
scraped clean with a cabinet scraper and then sanded. The top should 
also be cleaned with sandpaper. 

The top of the table is left white. The rest of the table may be 
finished with two coats of shellac, or one coat of shellac and a coat of 
varnish. 



56 



FARM WOODWORK 




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FARMWOODWORK 57 

DOG HOUSE 

Material Required 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

2 . %"x4"x2'6" Sills 

6 %"x5%"x2'6" Floor 

4 2"x4"xl8" Corner posts 

4 2"x4"x24" Rafters 

9 y8"x5%"x2'7%" Sides 

10 %"x5%"x2'6" Ends 

4 y8"x5%"xlO" Ends at front 

2 y8"x3"x23" Door posts 

10 %"x5Vi"x3' 6" Roof boards 

2 pieces of prepared ropfing 3' 8" long or V2 bundle of shingles. 

If shingles are used two pieces of wood %"x4"x3' 6" are required for, a 
saddle board and also V2 lb. of shingle nails. 

1 lb. 6d common nails. 

A quantity of outside paint. 

Directions 

Before starting the construction of the framework of the clog house 
it is suggested that the subject of rafter framing be studied. Obtain a 
piece of 2" x 4" or 2" x 6" x 10, 12, 14 or 16 ft. long. Select a building 
with any span of roof and decide on a pitch of roof. Lay out the rafter 
as shown in the plate on rafter framing. Do not cut the rafter unless 
you are actually going to use the piece in a building. In like manner 
lay off the rafter on the same piece for other pitches and spans. 

When thoroly familiar with the use of the steel square for laying out 
rafters, lay out the rafter for the dog house as indicated on the drawing 
of the dog house. 

Matched lumber is preferable for the construction of a dog house. 
It may be noted that not all matched lumber is of the same width. If the 
lumber which is being used is other than %" thick and 5i/4" face, as 
called for in the stock bill, it is suggested that a new stock bill be made 
out. 

If shingles are used, a double layer is used for the first row at the 
eaves. They may project over the roof boards one inch at the bottom 
and also at the ends. They are laid 4" or 41/0" to the weather and should 
break joints at least 1". The points projecting over the peak are sawed 
off and the peak finished wdth a saddle board. 

If roofing paper is used it should be bent over the ends and edges 
of the roof and nailed with roofing nails spaced not more than 2" apart. 

'Finish the house by applying at least two coats of paint. 



58 



FARM WOODWORK 




F A R M W O O D W O R K 59 









MILKING 


STOOL 








Stock 


Bill 






Lumber : 


Any 


soft 


wood. 








Pieces 






Dimensions 






Use 


2 






%"x7y2"xlO'' 






Sides 








%"x7"x"4%" 






Front 








%"x7"xl9%" 






Platform 








%"x9"xl0" 






Seat 








%"xlV2"x7" 






Cleat at top 








%"xl%"x7" 






Cleat underneath at front. 


Hardware 


: 2 doz. 


11/2" No. 9 flat head bri 


ght \\ 


ood 


screws. 



Directions 

In getting out the sides get out a piece %" x 7^2" ^ 20" ; draw a 
centerline lengthwise of the stock and at a point on the centerline equi- 
distant from ends swing a circle with the compass set at 2I/2" radius. 
Draw a line across the stock thru the center of the circle. Cut the board 
in two on line just drawn. SaAv arcs with turning saw, keyhole saw or 
coping saw. 

In getting out the front piece be sure and cut it so that the grain 
of the wood runs A^ertically in the finished stool, i. e., 7" across the grain 
and 41/^'' lengthwise of the grain. 

The ends of the platform are beveled. The T bevel is set at 191/2" 
on the blade and 1" on the tongue of the steel square. 

In assembling, three screws are placed thru the seat into the top of 
each side piece ; three screws secure the sides to the platform and three 
are used to fasten the front to the front end of the platform. Five screws 
are used to fasten the top cleat at the front end — three into the front 
and two into the platform. Four screAvs are used to fasten the 1^4'' 
cleat to the front on the inside. 



60 



FARM WOODWORK 




F A R M W O O D W O R K 61 



A MILKING STOOL 

Material 

1 piece of any soft wood, preferably white pine, %"xl0"x5' 1". 
12 flat head bright vrood screws 1%" No. 10. 
8 flat head bright wood screws 1^/^" No. 8. 

Tools 

bi'ace. 





Plane, 


tr 


y 


square. cro?s cut 


and 


rip 


saws, chisel, 5, 


32' 


' drill, 


countersink, 


screw 


'di 


•iver 


, T bevel. 






























Stock 










Pieces 












Dimensions 








Use 
















%' 


'x9i4 


"x20%" 








Main brace 
















%' 


"x9% 


"xlO" 








Back end 
















%' 


'xStSi' 


"xlO" 








Front cross 


bri 


ace 












%' 


'xlO": 


xlO" 








Pail platfor 


m 














%' 


'xlO": 


XlO" 








Seat 






2 










%' 


"xl% 


"x9y2" 








Braces 







Directions 

1. Reduce all pieces to finished dimensions. 

2. Draw a line across the front end of the main lorace 3" from the 
bottom edge ; locate a point on each side 4" from the lower edge and 
10" from the line across the end and connect the points just located 
Avith the line across the end. 

3. Draw a line across the upper edge 91/4" from the back end and 
connect the line with the points on the side of the board. Remove the 
stock to line with the rip and crosscut saws. 

4. Lay out a cross half-lap joint in the upper edge of the front part 
of the main brace and the lower edge of the front cross brace as wide 
as the thickness of the stock and one-half the width of the stock as shown 
in the detail drawing and remove the stock Avith the cross-cut saw and 
chisel as shown in the detail drawing. 

5. Set the T bevel at the angle which is made by the top and slant 
edge of the main brace, and lay out the ends of the braces. Remove the 
stock to line with the saAv. 

6. Bore holes for the screAvs Avith the rh" drill at positions shoAA-n in 
the draAA'ings, countersink the holes and fasten all members in position. 




Fig. 14. Milking Stool. 



62 



FARM WOODWORK 





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FARM WOODWORK 63 

BIRD HOUSES 

Robin Nesting Shed 

Material Required 

1 piece of any soft wood %"x5"xl2". 

1 piece of any soft wood ^^"x5%"x2' 6". 

2 flat head bright wood screws IV^" No. 7. 
2 doz. brads iy2" No. 18. 

1 round head blued wood screw, 1%" No. 10, for fastening to a tree or 

shed. 
Small quantity of outside paint. 

Stock Bill 



Pieces 






Dimensions 




Use 


1 






%"7"xl0" 




Back 


2 






V2"x6%"xlO%" 




Roof 


1 






%"x7"xl0" 




Floor 


2 






%"x2"x4" 




Brackets 


2 






y2"x%"x7" 




Sides 


1 






y2"x%"x6" 




Front 


1 






yo"x2"x7" 

WREN 

Material 


HOUSE 

Required 


Roof brace 




1 piece of 


any soft wood %"x5"x2' 6". 






1 piece of 


any soft wood %"xl" 


'xl6". 






2 %'' 


brads for fastening perch. 








3 doz. 


, 11/2 


" No. 18 brads. ' 








Twig 


for ] 


perch (optional). 








Small quantity paint. 












Stock Bill 




Pieces 






Dimensions 




Use 


1 






i^"x5"x7" 




Roof 


1 






y2"x4y2x7" 




Roof 


1 






y2"x3y2"x4" 




Side 


1 






y2"x3"x4" 




Side 


2 






y2"x3"x3" 




Ends 


1 






%"xl"xl4" 




Post 



Directions 

The opening for a wren should be the size of a twenty-five cent 
piece. If made larger, the house is apt to be used by English sparrows. 
A perch is not necessary, its value is only in adding to the ornamental 
appearance of the house. The house may be fastened to a tree or to the 
house or other buildings, preferably not too high from the ground. 

WREN HOUSE 

Material Required 

1 5V2" flower pot. 

1 piece of any kind of wood %"x6"x7%", 

1 piece heavy wire 18" long. 

4 pieces light wire 4" long. 

4 poultry netting staples. 

A small quantity of paint. 

Directions 

A house which wrens like especially well may be made by fastening 
a flower pot to a board and placing it in a secluded place. 

The pot need not be exactly the same size as called for in this draw- 
ing. The hole in the bottom of the pot must be made the size of a twenty- 
five- cent piece which is 15/16 of an inch. This may be done with a 



64 



FARM WOODWORK 



1/4" chisel and a mallet or hamnier. The pot is fastened to the board 
by placing and clinching a heavy wire as shown in the side view of the 
draAving and draAving the pot tight against the board with the four 
pieces of light Avire. lioles may be made thru the board Avith a 6d nail 
for AA'ire to pass thru. The Avire is draAvn tightly so as to bring the 
pot snugly against the board and fastened Avith poultry netting staples 
as shoAA'n in the illustration. 

FLICKER OR WOODPECKER HOUSE 

Material Required 

1 piece of any soft wood %"x6"x2' 10". 
1 piece of any soft Avood V2"x7V2"x6' 6'. 
4doz. 1-2 " No. 18 brads. 
A small quantity paint. 

Stock Bill 

1 %"x6"x2'3%" Back 

2 V?"x6%"x23^/4" Sides 
1 y2"x7"xl9i2" . Front 
1 y2"x9"xl2" Roof 

Directions 

This house may be made for the Hicker, red-headed, golden-fronted, 
hairy or doAvny Avoodpeckers, chickadees, nuthatches or titmice. The 
diameter of entrance for the A^arious birds shall be as f oIIoavs : 

Ficker — 2V2"; Red-headed Avoodpecker — 2" Golden fronted wood- 
pecker — 2"; Hairy Avoodpecker — li/^"; DoAvny Avoodpecker — ^V^' \ Chick- 
adee— IVs"; Nuthatch— li/s"; Titmouse—l". 

A color of paint should be used Avhich closely resembles the color of 
the bark of a tree, so as to make the house as inconspiciious as possible. 
Lumber: 





Fig-. 1; 



Bag Holder. 



F'ARM WOODWORK 



65 



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66 



FARM WOODWORK 




Pieces 


Dimensions 


2 


2"x6"x6' 0" 


2 


4"x4"xl2' 0" 


1 


4"x4"x6' 0" 


4 


2"x4"x3' 0" 


2 


2"x4"xl6" 


1 


I"x8"x20" 



FARMWOODWOEK 67 

PLAYGROUND SWING 

Bill of Material 

Use 
Base 
Posts 
Beam 

Lower braces 
Upper braces 
Swing board 
52 16d common nails (refer to table on nails). 

2 carriage bolts %"x4i/^" with washers. 

2 rings and eye bolts as shown in drawing. 

1 piece of %" rope 24 ft. long. 

Directions 

1. Reduce all pieces to finished dimensions called for in bill of 
material. 

2. Lay out and cut a tenon at each end of the beam to the dimensions 
called for in the detail drawing. 

3. Lay out an open mortise in the upper end of each post to receive 
the tenons at the ends of the beam as indicated in the detail drawing. 

4. Fasten the posts to the sills by driving four 16d common nails 
thru the base at the center from bottom and up into the lower end of 
each post; also toenail the posts to the bases by using one 16d common 
nail on each side of each post. 

5. Miter both ends of the lower braces and fasten the posts and 
bases by using two 16d common nails at each end of each brace. 

6. Bore two V2" boles thru the beam from the upper edge 18" 
from ends and 3' apart. 

7. Place the beam on the posts; bore %" holes thi-ough the mortise 
and tenon joint, and fasten with one %" x 4i/^" carriage bolt at each joint. 

8. Miter the ends of the upper braces and fasten to posts and beam 
by using two 16d common nails at each end of each piece. 

9. Draw a centerline lengthwise of the swing board and bore ~/%" 
holes li/A" from each end. 

10. Fasten the eye bolts in place. 

11. Tie one end of the rope to one ring; draw the rope down thru 
one hole in the board and up thru the other; then draw it up thru the 
second ring so as to bring the rope at a suitable distance from the ground, 
and tie it to the ring. 

12. Bore 1" holes thru the base members so that the swing may be 
staked firmly to the ground by use of the iron pins as suggested in the 
draAving. 



68 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



69 




70 



FARM WOODWORK 















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71 




72 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 

POULTRY FEEDING TROUGH 

Stock Bill 



Pieces 






Dimensions 


Use 


4 






ir'x2y2"x20" 


Legs 


2 






ii"x6"x2' 6" 


Sides 


2 






il"x6"x22%" 


Ends 


4 






ig"x2y2"x2'6" 


Platform 


1 






ii"x7i/2"x2'6" 


Box 


1 






Wx6{i"x2' 6" 


Box 


2 






ii"x3"x2' 6" 


Box 


2 






ii"x5y8"x5y8" 


Ends of box 


Hardware : 


14 


lb. 


8d finishing nails. 






56 


poultry netting staples. 






12 feet heavy wire. 





Directions 

The length of legs may be varied to suit the breed of hens. 

Braces for the legs near the bottom have purposely been omitted 
so that the space under the stand may be used for scratching and also 
to facilitate the use of tools under and around the stand. 

Strips of Avood may be nailed to the outside of the end members 
of the stand to prevent the trough from sliding lengthwise and off the 
platform. 

It may be noted that the trough is no'^. nailed to the platform but 
only set into the notches in the end pieces of the frame. This permits 
the removal of the trough for cleaning and filling. 




Fig. 16. Poultry Feeding Trough. 



74 



FARM WOODWORK 







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FARM WOODWORK 75 

POULTRY FEED HOPPER (FOR 25 BIRDS) 
Bill of Material 



Pieces 


Dimensions 


Use 


2 


J|"x3"xl4%" 


Sills 


1 


ii"x6"x2' 10%" 


Back 


1 


ir'x6"x2' 10%" 


Front 


1 


ir'x8"x2' 10%" 


Bottom 


2 


fr'x9%"xl2" 


Ends 


1 


I§"x2"x2'10%" 


Hanger 


1 


Ii"x3"x3' 0" 


Landing board 


2 


^?i"x4"x4" 


Ends of reel 


4 


'/2"xiy2"x2'ioy8" 


Slats for reel. 



Hardware: 4 doz. 8d finishing nails for assembling box. 

2 doz. 4d finishing nails for fastening slats of i-eel. 

1 doz. 1^/4" No. 9 flat head wood screws for fastening landing board to 

sills and sills to box. 

2 8d common nails for reel pivots. 

1 piece 1" mesh wire, or Vz" mesh hardware cloth, 6"x2' 10" to lay on feed. 

Directions 

1. Reduce all pieces to length, width and thickness. 

2. To lay out the slant on the end pieces, draw a line across the 
top end 13/16" from the back edge and a line across the front edge 6" 
from the bottom end ; connect lines on edge and end with lines on the 
sides of the stock and remove stock to line with saw and plane. 

3. Using a l^" bit and a cross-cut saw, bore a hole and cut notches 
in the end pieces for the reel nails as shown in the drawing, 4" from 
back edge and 9i/^" from the bottom end. 

4. Assemble the box and hanger by using the 8d finishing nails. 

5. Fasten the sills to the bottom with l^/^" No. 9 flat head screws. 

6. Fasten the landing board to the sills at front by using two IV2'' 
No. 9 flat head wood screws for each sill. 

7. Fasten the slats to the end pieces of the reel, using three 4d 
finishing nails at each end of each slat. 

8. Bore a hole with the Vs" bit thru each end piece at its center and 
drive an 8d common nail thru from the inside for the reel to turn on 
the ends of the box. 

9. Cut notches for nails in the lower edge of the hanger. This 
may be done by boring a hole of the same diameter as the nails or spikes 
which are to be used for the box to hang on and sawing tangent to the 
holes from the bottom edge of the board. 

The purpose of the reel is to keep the fowl from the top of the 
box or feed. The purpose of the V mesh wire is to prevent the fowl 
from wasting feed. By use of it they can get all that is in the box but 
cannot flip it out as is the habit of fowl. 

By the suggested arrangement the reel may be lifted off when filling 
or. cleaning the box. The box is suspended on the wall by hanging it 
over tM'o nails or spikes. 



76 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARMWOODWORK 77 

It is understood that the box may be increased to any length to suit 
the size of flock. 

POULTRY FEED HOPPER (FOR 50 BIRDS) 

Bill of Material 



Pieces 






Dimensions 


Use 


4 






1%"x1%"x23/b" 


Posts 


2 






ii"x3"x2a%" 


Cross braces 


2 






fg"x2y2"x4'0" 


Landing boards 


4 






ig"x2"xll" 


Braces 


2 






ii"x7"x4' 0" 


Sides of box 


2 






irx7"xl2%" 


Ends of box 


2 






ig"x6A"x3' 10%" 


Bottom of box 


2 






ir'x2"xl3%" 


End posts 


2 






ii"x8"x8" 


Ends of wheel 


8 






ii"x2"x3'll%" 


Slats for wheel 


4 






iir'xir'x2%" 


Furi-ing to hold box in place 


Hardware: 


% 


lb. 8d finishing nails. 






1 


piece 
10" 


of 1" rnesh wire screen or 
to lay on feed. 


%" mesh hardware cloth, 12"x3' 



Directions 

The purpose of the wheel is to keep the fowl from the top of the 
box. It has the additional advantage over a fixed top in that it is 
removable for filling and cleaning the box. 

The box is removable and is held in place by the two end posts pro- 
jecting down over the end cross braces on the outside. It is prevented 
from moving sidewise by the small pieces of furring which are nailed 
on the top edge of the end cross braces between the landing board and 
box. 

There are numerous ways of preventing the Avaste of feed. Heavy 
wires may be nailed across the top of the box spaced 3" or 4" on center 
or a piece of quarter round may be nailed to the inside of the side boards 
of the box at the top edge. 

The screen has the advantage of being removable, thus making it 
easier to fill and clean. 




Fig. 17. Poultry Feeding Box. 



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81 



HAY RACK 
Material Required 



Pieces 
2 
2 
2 
8 
1 
5 
4 
8 
6 
2 
2 
2 
1 



Dimensions 
2"x4"xl6' 0" 
2"x4"xll' 10" 
2"x4"x3' 2" 
I%"x4"x3'2" 
1 %"x6"x3' 2" 
y8"x6"x3'2" 
%"x9"xl6' 0" 
I%"x4"x6'2" 
y8"x6"xl6' 0" 
I%"x4"x6'4" 
I%"x4"x5' 4" 
y8"x3"x2' 11" 
y8"x3"x2' 2" 

y8"x3"x2oy2" 
y8"x3"xi6y2" 

I%"x4"x6" 



Use 
Upper stringers 
Lower stringers 
Lower stringers at front 
Cross ties 
Floor sill at rear 
Floor sills 
Floor 
Arms 

Top boards 
Front standard 
Rear standards 
Rear standard cross bars 
Front standard cross bar 

bottom 
Front standard cross bar 

middle 
Front standard cross bar top 
Furring 



Hardware 



2 pieces of iron %"xl%"x33^4" trusses (old wagon tire). 

2 carriage bolts %"xl3" front. 

2 carriage bolts %"xl3V2" rear. 

4 carriage bolts i%"xll" cross ties. 

4 carriage bolts %"xll%" cross ties and truss. 

4 carriage bolts %"x5" truss. 
24 carriage bolts y4"x5^/2" boards to arms. 
14 carriage bolts ^/4"x4i/^" standards. 

2 %"x3' 3" rods for standards at bottom. 
72 6q common nails for floor. 

Directions 

In making the iron truss for the wheel, clearance space measure- 
ments should be made of the combined thickness of the floor sill and 
cross tie and width of stringers. Any deviation from the dimensions 
given on the drawing must be made in dimensions of the truss. If an old 
wagon tire is available it will serve as well as new iron. 

Quarter inch bolts are placed thru the upright members of the 
standards at the lower ends to prevent their splitting. 

Flat head wood screws may be used to fasten the floor boards to the 
floor sills instead of the 6d common nails. 



82 



FARM WOODWORK 



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83 



Pieces 
2 
4 
8 
3 
6 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 



HAY RACK 

Bill of Material 



Dimensions 
2"x8"xl6' 0" 
2"x8"x3' 4" 
2"x4"x5' 6" 
l"xll%"xl6'0" 
I"x6"xl6' 0" 
2"x4"x2' 6" 
2"x4"x2' 10%" 
2"x4"x6' 0" 
l"x3"xl' 11" 
l"x3"xl' 7" 
l"x3"xl' 3" 



Hardware 



Use 
Stringers 
Sills 
Arms 
Floor 

Top boards 
Front posts 

Cross bar at front posts 
Front standards 
Cross bar at front standard 
Cross bar at front standard 
Cross bar at front standard 



16 carriage bolts %"x5" to fasten inside boards on arms. 
12 cari'iage bolts %"x4%" to fasten outside boards on arms, posts to 
stringers and standards to posts. 

4 carriage bolts %"x6" to fasten cross bar to front standard. 

6 8d common nails to fasten cross bars into front standard. 

4 U bolts as shown in the detail drawing. 
16 40d spikes to fasten sills to stringers. 



84 



FARM WOODWORK 



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85 



WAGON BOX 

Lumber: Poplar or basswood are desirable woods. 



Pieces 
3 
1 
2 
2 
4 

12 
1 
1 
2 



Stock Bill 

Dimensions 
2"x4"x4' 2" 
2"x4"x3' 2" 
y8"xll"xl2' 0" 
%"xll"x3' %" 
l"x9V2"xl2'0" 
%"x2"xll" 
■%"x6"x2' 101/2" 
I"xl0"x3' 2" oak or other 
I"x3"x3' 2" hardwood 

Hardware 



Use 
Cross sills 
Front cross sill 
Sides 
End gates 
Floor 
Cleats 
Foot bof>vd 
Axle support 
Axle guides 



32 wagon box rivets %"x3i,2" for floor boai'ds. 

12 wagon box rivets %"x2" for rear end gate and side cleats. 

16 wagon box rivets \i"yilV2" for rub irons, braces and foot boards. 

2 wagon box rivets %"x2i/^" for rear end braces. 

8 wagon box rivets %"x2%" braces for front end gate and front side 
cleats. 

6 braces as shown in detail drawing. 

2 rub irons shown in detail drawing. 

4 rectangular washers as shown in detail drawing. 

8 wagon box strap irons as shown in detail drawing. 

2 front end gate braces as shown in detail drawing. 

2- wagon box rods. 

4 doz. flat head wood screws for fastening axle support to box and axle 
guides to axle support. 
31 ft. of beveled or half oval wagon box strap iron with screws. 

Wagon boxes "usually wear out at the part over the rear axle. This may be 
prevented by fastening a 10" board beneath the box where it rests on the axle. 

To hold the box in place cleats are fastened beneath the 10" board so that one will 
be in front of and the other back of the axle. The distance between cleats is 3V2", 
3%" or 4" as determined by the width of the axle. 




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Fig. J 8. Wagon Box. 




Fit'. 19. Bottom of Wagon Box. 



FARM WOODWORK 







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87 



TOP WAGON BOX 

Stock Bill 



Pieces 
2 

2 



Dimensions 
%"xl0"xl2' 0" 
%"xl0"x3' V4" 
y8"x2"xl8" 
%"x2"xl0" 



T8"x4"xl8' 



Use 

Sides 

End gates 

Braces 

Cleats at ends outside and 

end gates 
Cleats at ends inside 



Hardware 



24 wagon box rivets ^/4"x2". 

8 wagon box rivets %"x2%". 

4 rectangular washers as for wagon box. 

2 wagon box rods with winged nuts. 
31 feet of half oval or beveled wagon box strap iron with screws for 
fastening. 




Fig. 20. Wagon Box with Top Box in Place. 




Fig. 21. Top, Wagon Box. 



FARM WOODWORK 



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89 



STOCK RACK FOR WAGON BOX 



Stock Bill 



Pieces 



16 

4 



Dimensions 
%"x6"xl2'0'' 
y8"x6"x3' %" 

%"x4"x4'2" 
%"x4"x3' 6" 
y8"x2"x3' 2" 



Use 
Sides 
End gates 
Uprights for sides 
Uprights for end gates 
Cleats at ends of sides 



Hardware 



32 carriage bolts fV"xo" for fastening uprights to sides. 
48 carriage bolts {s"x2^'2" for fastening end uprights and cleats at ends of 
sides. 

4 rectangular washers as for wagon box. 

2 wagon box rods with winged nuts. 




Fig. 22. Stock Rack and Vv^agon Box. 




Fig. 23. Stock Rack Knocked Down. 




Fig. 24. Stock Rack for Wagon Box Assembled. 



90 



FARM WOODWORK 






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FARM WOODWORK 91 



SELF FEEDER FOR HOGS 

Many farmers claim distinct advantages in the self feeder for hogs. 
Among others the following points are raised: (a) Less labor is required 
than by the hand-feeding system, .(b) A smaller amount of feed is used 
in making pork, (c) It allows the pigs to eat as often as they choose 
and gives them free choice regarding the proportions and amounts of 
the different feeds, consequently they are never hungry or gorged with 
feed. 

The size of a self feeder can only be determined by the needs of the 
individual farmer. 

Material Required 

•2 pieces 2"xl0"xl2' 0" matched flooring. 

1 piece 2"x4"xl2' 0" skids. 

2 pieces 2"x4"xl0' 0" rafters and studs. 

1 piece 2"x4"xl2 0" for triangular strips in comers of troughs. 

15 pieces l"x6"x]2'0" matched flooring (actual measurements iil"x5%"x 
12' 0". 

5 pieces I"x6"xl4' 0" matched flooring for roof. 

2 pieces I"x6"xl2' 0" unmatched lumber, ridge board, sides and ends. 

2 pieces I"xl0"xl2' 0" unmatched lumber for slides, triangular blocks, 

guides for slides, cleats for door. 
Lumber for desired cross partitions. 
68 square feet of roofing paper. 

6 heavy strap hinges. 

1 lb. lOd. common nails. 

2% lb. 6d. common nails. 

4 2l^" bolts with thumb nuts. 

Directions 

If it is so desired the skids may be cut from a piece of 2" x 4" x 14' 0" 
and allowed to project out at the ends of the feeder. By boring holes 
thru the skids near the ends means are provided for hitching a team of 
horses and dragging the feeder to any desired location. 

Matched lumber which is designated V x 6" varies in width of 
face. Some manufacturers make it 5i/^" face, others 5i/2"- The size, 
514'' appears most frequently the dimension used and is the measure- 
ment used in the drawing. 

Cross partitions have purposely been omitted from the drawing as 
the variety and amounts of the various feeds rest Avith the farmer. A 
method of constructing a cross partition is shown in the detail drawing. 

The rooting should be placed over the hinges. A separate piece 
should be placed over each door and the piece at top should lap down 
onto the door from IV2'' to 2". 

The size of opening may be varied for different feeds from 1/0" to 
S'^'^by use of the adjustable slides. 



92 



FARM WOODWORK 




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F A R M W O O D W O R K 03 

SHEEP FEEDING RACK 

Bill of Material 



Use 
Posts 
Bases 
Ends 
Ends 
Ends 
Ends 

Ends of trcugh 
Ends below trough 
Sides of trc ugh 
Trough pai tition 
Trough bol torn 
Top boards 
Slats 



Lumber: 




Pieces 


Dimensions 


6 


l%"xl%"x3'7" 


3 


y8"x6"x3' 6" 


2 


y8"xlO"x3' 6" 


2 


y8''x3"x3' 0" 


2 


y8"x3"x2' 10" 


2 


y8"x3"x2' 8" 


2 


y8"x6"x2' 6" 


3 . 


y8"x2"x2' 3" 


2 


y8"x7"xll'10iA" 


1 


y8"x6"xll'10iA" 


2 


y8"xl0i/4"xl2'0" 


2 


y8"xio"xii' 10%" 


46 


y8"x3"x2'2y2" 


6 


1 % "x3 Vs " tapered to a 




point X 10" 


Hardware : 


1 lb. 6d. common nails. 




2 lbs. 8d common nails. 




Directions 



Furring to nail top boards 



Sheep respond more readily to good feed and care than any other 
livestock, and it is necessary that the flock be fed consistently and regu- 
larly to insure a avooI clip of good Aveight and quality. 

Good feeding is difficult without the use of a feeding rack for both 
hay and grains. 

The hopper design of rack for feeding hay has the advantage over 
others by keeping the heads of the sheep out of the haj and thus pre- 
venting chaff, seeds, etc., from getting into the wool. The trough has 
the additional advantage of catching the leaves of alfalfa, clover or 
other hay so they may be consumed. Without a trough underneath the 
hay the leaves Avould drop onto the bedding and hence Avould be lost. 
The length of rack may be made longer or shorter to suit the needs 
of any size of flock. If made eight feet or less in length, the two middle 
posts and their cross ties may be omitted. 

In assembling the 8d nails are used at places where nails are driven 
into the 1%" pieces. The 6d nails are used at all other points. The 
lower ends of the slats are beveled as shown in the detail drawing and 
nailed to the top edge of the trough partition. 

Those teachers of agricultural woodworking who are using the home 
project method may find the wall sheep feeding rack a suitf ble home 
project. It is understood that the length of rack and some of the details 
are in that case determined by" the number of sheep, the place where 
the rack has to be placed, kind of wall to be fastened to, the thickness 
of wall, etc. The drawing can only serve to give general cimensions 
which, if followed, will make a serviceable rack. 

It is felt that when a boy in the agricultural high school has ob- 
tained a general notion of how to go at the building of a rack of the 



94 



FARM WOODWORK 



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FARMWOODWORK 95 

kinds shown and thru his school farm shop Avork has acquired the knowl- 
edge of tool manipulation to make it and thru his study of animal 
husbandry in the classroom has acquired a desire to build it, the agricul- 
tural high school has done much toward adding one valuable young 
farmer to the community's general worth. 



96 



FARM WOODWORK 



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97 



Lumber: 
Pieces 

2 

1 

7 

4 

4 

2 

6 

1 

1 

1 



SHEEP AND HOG SHIPPING GRATE 

Bill of Material 



Dimensions 
ii"x9%"x4' 0" 
ii"x6"x23" 
ii"x4"x23" 
ii"x4"x21%" 
ig"x4"x2' 4" 
il''x6"x4' 0" 
ii"x4"x4' 0" 
ig"x4"xl9%" 
irx6"x2' 6iV' 
%" round x4" 



Hardware: 1 pound of 6d common nails. 



Use 
Bottom 

Front end at bottom 
Ends and top at ends 
Top 

Corner posts 
Sides at bottom 
Sides 

Gate support at bottom 
Gate 
Pin to lock gate 



98 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



99 



STITCHING HORSE 

Bill of Materials 

Lumber: Oak, maple, beech, birch or other hardwood. 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

1 I%"xl0i^"x26" Seat 

4 li/4"xl%"x24i/4" Legs 

1 VA"xlVi"x21.%" Brace (left side) 

1 %"x%"x23%" Brace (right side) 

2 %"x%"xl3%" Braces (end) 
1 %"xli^"x22" Lever 

1 iy2"x5"x20%" Post 

1 Ii/2"x5"xl6%" Clamp 

1 l"xl%"x5" Key 

Hardware 

6 flat head bright wood screws 2^/2" No. 12 for fastening legs to seat and 
brace to legs at left side, 

6 flat head bright wood screws 1%" No. 9 for fastening braces at ends 

and right side. 

7 round head blued wood screws 1" No. 9 to fasten lock on leg and catch 

to lever. 
2 machine bolts i%"x3%" to fasten clamp to post. 

2 fast joint steel butts \y2."y.\h'i". 
1 coil spring l"x3". 

1 leather strap l"x44". 
1-1" harness buckle. 

3 lining nails to fasten end of strap to clamp. 
1 piece of heavy wire 2 ¥2" long to 

hold strap in place on lever. 
1 piece of metal ^"xli/^"x5" for 

the lock. 
1 piece of metal %"xl^/^"x2%" for 

the catch. 

1 piece of metal %"xl"x5V2" for 

the U iron. 

2 machine bolts %"x2" to hold the 

L" iron to brace and lever in U 
iron. 

Directions 

1. Reduce all pieces to finished di- 
mensions. 

2. Dra-w a centerline lengtliwise of 
the seat piece and also lines across the 
stock 514" from each end, and at the 
intersection of lines swing arcs with a 
51/4" radius. 

3. With the compass set at 9%". 
swing an arc at each side tangent to 
the arcs at each end. 

4. Remove stock to line with a lui'u- 
ing saw\ keyhole saw, or by making 
saw kerfs to the line and removing the 
stock Avith the draw shave. The edge 
may be smoothed with a wood file. 

5. The stock on the upper side of 
the seat Avhere the worker's legs rest 
on the seat may be further removed 
with the draAv shave and smoothed 

W'lth the AVOOd file. p;g ^3. Front Vitw of Stitchinff Horse. 




100 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARMWOODWORK 101 

6. To lay out the mortise for the post on the seat locate a point on 
the line across the front end of the seat 1/4'' from the centerline as shown 
in the detail drawing. Set the T bevel at Yg pitch using the figures 12 
and 3 or 4 and 1 on the steel square and draw lines for the sides of the 
mortise. The end lines of the mortise are at right angles to the sides. 
The mortise extends thru the seat at the above angle and the T bevel 
may be used as a guide in boring out the stock. 

7. Remove the stock for the mortise with bit, chisel and mallet. 
It may be noted in the detail drawing that the mortise is 1%" x 3i^''. 

8. Set the T bevel at 2214" and 4%" on the steel square and lay out 
the cuts at both ends of the legs and left side brace. A shoulder is cut at 
the upper end of the legs 1" from the end so that the end will go into 
the %" holes which are bored in the lower side of the seat. 

9. At a point 6" from the lower end of the left legs and on the 
inside lay out gains I/4" deep and II/4" wide across the stock to receive 
the ends of the left side brace. The stock may be removed Avith the saw 
and chisel, making the saAv kerfs close together. Use the T bevel as 
set for the ends of the legs. This will place the top and bottom edge of 
the brace parallel to the floor when the horse is assembled. 

10. Assemble the brace and left legs by the use of one 2^/2" No. 12 
flat head bright wood screw at each joint. The holes for all flat head 
screws should be countersunk so as to place the screws sligltly beloAv 
the surface of the wood. In placing screws it is well to use two wood 
twist drills; one the diameter of the wire of the screw to bore a hole as 
deep as the screw up to the thre id on the screw and another ^^2'' smaller 
to bore the hole slightly deeper. 

11. Locate points on the inside of all four legs on a centerline 
and 8'' from the bottom end of the legs and bore %" holes %" deep for 
the ends of the end braces. The holes are bored at the same angle as 
is used for the ends of the legs. The ends of the braces are roui'ded 
so as to draw snugly into the %" holes. 

12. Locate points on the two right legs 31/^'' from the bottom (mds 
and bore %f' holes for the right side brace. 

13. Fasten the braces to the legs by using one 1%" No. 9 flat head 
bright wood screw at each joint. 

14. Lay the seat on the bench with the bottom side up. D^'aw a 
centerline lengthwise of the stock and lines across the stock 51/4'' from 
each end. Locate two points on each line across the stock 4" frcm the 
centerline. At these points bore %" holes 1" deep, using the T bevel 
set as for the ends of the legs for a guide. 

15. With a twist drill of the size of 2i/^" No. 12 screws continue 
the holes thru the seat from the same side. Countersink the hole } from 
the upper side of the seat, 

16. Place the legs in position and with a twist drill ^V smaller 
than the above bore a hole into the top end of each leg for the screws. 



102 



FARM WOODWORK 



17. Fasten tlie seat to the legs using one 21/2" No. 12 flat head 
screAv at eaeli joint. 

18. By use of the T bevel as set for the mortise thru the seat lay 
out the loAver end of the clamp and post and remove the stock M'ith 
saws as shoAvn in the detail drawing of clamp. 

19. Lay out the mortise for the key thru the post at the dimensions 
sho\\n in the detail drawing cf the clamp. Remove the stock with bit> 
chisel and mallet. 




Fig. 24. Side View of Stitching Horse. 



20. To lay out the clearance space on the clamp and post, dra\v 
seven lines across the inside and both edges of each as shown in the 
detail drawing; the first %" from the end and the others 2" apart. 
Locate points on the lines across the edges as shown in the detail drawing 
and lay out the curves free hand. The stock may be removed by making- 
saw kerfs close together acrcss the stock and removing the wood with 
the chisel and draw shave. The surface may be smoothed with a wood 
tile. 

21. Draw lines across the upper ends of the post and clamp 1/4" from 
the inside edge and a liiu' across 1he outside of each 2%" from the end. 



FARMWOODWORK 103 

Lay out a curve free hand for rounding the corners and remove the stock 
with the draw shave. The surface may be smoothed with the wood file. 

22. Draw a line across the outside of the clamp, 10" from the 
loAver end, and on this line make an opening for the strap thru both 
clamp and post, using the %" bit as shown in the detail drawing. 

23. Bolt the clamp and post together with two 5/16" x 31/2" machine 
bolts placed as indicated in the detail drawing. 

24. Place the two steel butts as shown in the detail drawing 4" 
from the lower end of the clamp. 

25. Remove the hinges and saw the clamps in two below the center 
of the hinges; then replace the hinges. If it were sawed first and then 
the hinges pliiccd in position the claniD would drop down the thickness 
of the saw kerf and not match at the top with the post. 

26. Shape the key as shown in the detail drawing of the key. 

27. On a line drawn parallel to the side of the mortise and 2%" 
from the side of the seat and 6" from the front end of the seat, make a 
slot through the seat 5/16" wide and IVs" loi^g for the strap to pass thru. 

28. The coil spring is placed directly below the strap between the 
clamp and post. It may be held in place by bending al)out %" of one 
end of a Avire at a right angle to the length of the spHng and forcing 
this l)ent end into a hole in the post. 

29. Cut a piece of galvanized iron or other heavy sheet metal 1" 
X II/4" and bend to a right angle as shown in the detail drawing; place 
it in the strap opening in the post and fasten with two small flat head 
scrcAvs. 

30. With the hack saw cu^ a piece of metal for the lock I/4." x II/2" 
X 5". The notches are I/2" deep and shaped as indicated in the detail 
drawing. They are cut with the hack saw and the corners are rounded 
"with an iron file. Centerpunch for holes for the screws as shown and 
drill 3 16" holes, using the drill press or breast drill. Fasten the clamp 
to the right front leg Avith four 1" No. 9 round head blued r>creAvs so 
that the loAver end is 51/4" from the bottom of the leg. 

31. By use of the hack saAv cut a piece of metal for ihe catch 
14" X 11/2" X 21/^", heat to a cherry red heat and forge to the form 
shoAA-n in the detail draAving. If a forge is not available it may be filed 
or ground to the foim and bent slightly Avith hammer and \dse. Centei-- 
punch for three holes and drill f\j-" holes. Fasten to the top edge of the 
lever Avith three 1" No. 9 round head blued scrcAA^s. 

32. Cut a piece of metal AAdth the hack saAv I/4" x li/^" x 5I/2". Cen- 
terpunch for the holes and bore three 1/4" holes as indicated. Heat the 
metal to a cherry red heat and bent to a U form to the dimensions shoA\'ii 
in the detail draAAdng. 

33. Bore a y^' hole thru the left horizontal brace at a point 2" 
from the front end and fasten the U iron in place Avith a 1,4" x 2" 
machine bolt. 



104 FARMWOODWORK 

34. Bore a i/4" hole thru the left end of the lever and fasten into 
the U iron with a i/4" x 2" machine bolt. 

35. rile both ends of the 2I/2" heavy steel wire to a point; bend 
I/2'' of each end at a right angle. Drill holes and fasten to the lower edge 
of the lever so as to hold the strap at 7" from the lower end of the lever. 

36. Fasten the buckle to the end of the strap; strip a leather loop 
on the strap ; draw the strap around the lever thru the bent wire guide 
and again thru tlie leather loop and thru the buckle. Draw it up thru 
the slots in the seat, post and clamp and fasten to the outside of the 
clamp with three lining nails. 

37. With the belt punch make holes in the strap 1" apart and 
draw the strap up so that the lever works the clamp and locks it. 

38. Wood deteriorates in value and strength as it constantly in- 
creases and decreases in moisture content. This may be largely pre- 
vented by covering with a coat of paint or shellac. It is suggested that 
the stitching horse be finished Avith two coats of shellac. 



FARM WOODWORK 



105 




Bill of Materia 

1 piece i|'x34Aia' softwood 

2 pieces ^J|')(4|x 14' hardwood 
I piece ]|'a 2^x3^ hardwood 
10 -i|" No 12 flaf head screws 
£- 4' lag screws fo>' fasten- 
mq io post or wall 




harne:55 hook 



106 



FARM WOODWORK 




F A R M W D W R K 107 

APPLE BOX PRESS 

Bill of Material 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

1 I%"xl2"x5'0" Sill 
4 y8"x4"x2' 6%" Legs 

2 %"x3"x23%" End leg braces at bottom 

1 %"x3"x2' 4" Leg brace, bottom at back 

2 % "x2"x2' 4" Leg braces at front 
2 I%"x4"xl5^/^" Upper cross braces 
1 l%"xl%"x24" Lever 

1 I%"x5%"x2'4" Upper lever 

4 I%"x3%"x5%" ■ Cross pieces at top 

2 %"x2"xl2" Box rests at top 
2 V2"xl"x8" Nail tray 

1 y2"xl"xll" Nail tray 

Hardware 

3 ft. T^;" round iron for draw rod, eyebolt, staple and hook. ■ 

6 ft. 4 in. rectangular iron % "xl % " for draw bars, clamps, locks and plate. 

3 -ixs" nuts and washers for draw rod and eye bolt. 

2 carriage bolts %"x6" to fasten lower end of draw bar to ends of upper 
le^'er. 

2 machine bolts ^/i"x2^/4" to fasten hook to foot lever. 

4 machine bolts %"xlV2" to fasten lock to front cross bars and staple to 

back leg brace. 
4 iron rivets with counter sunk head to assemble draw bars and clamps. 

3 %" No. 7 round head blued wood screws to fasten plate to top of foot 

lever at lock. 
2 doz. flat head wood screws 2" No. 10 to fasten legs to sill and upper 

cross braces. 
26 flat head wood screws 1^/^" No. 9 for fastening all leg braces. 
1^/2 doz. 1%" No. 16 brads to fasten pieces of the nail tray. 
8 8d common nails to fasten cross pieces at top. 

4 6d common nails to fasten box rests. 

2 coil bed springs or heavy coil push springs. 

Directions 

After the box has been packed it is placed on the box press. The 
box rests set the box up %" from the sill and as the pressure is applied 
on the clamps the bulge in the bi3x is distributed evenly between top and 
bottom of the box. If 20" boxes are used pieces narrower than 2" may 
be used for the rests. 

The draA^- l^ar should be provided with several holes at the bottom 
end so as to provide for different sizes of boxes. 

Oblong openings are cut thru the sill for the draw bar. These 
openings must be long enough to permit the clamps to fall away from 
the box when the pressure is removed. 

The sill is purposely made long so as to provide a shelf where boards 
and cleats for the top may be conveniently placed. 



108 



FARM WOODWORK 



'2 



^Chamter- 



'2' 




Ovc)^\o\-c^ \.o(:^6e.r 



FARMWOODWORK 109 



ORCHARD LADDER 

Material Required 

Oak, ash, maple or other hardvi'ood is recommended. 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

2 T4'x4" tapered to 2"x9' 4" Main standards 

1 %"x2''x2'2" Point of ladder 

2 %"x4"x2'8^" Bottom braces 
1 %"x2"x21%" Bottom step 

7 y8"x2y2"xl4" steps 

1 %"x3" tapered to 2"x8' 10" Back standard 

1 %"x2"x5' 6" Top member of back 

standard 
3 carriage bolts %"x3" to bolt point between main standard and to pivot 

top of back standard, 
1 carriage bolt %"x3%" to fasten chain to main standards. 
1 large screw hook. 
40 flat head wood screws 2V2" No. 12 for fastening steps and top member 
of back standard. 
6 flat head wood screws 1^/^" No. 9 for fastening upper ends of bottom 

braces to main standards. 
4' 6" of a substantial chain. 

Directions 

1. Reduce all pieces to the required dimensions. 

2. Lay out and cut gains I/4'" deep and 2" wide for the steps in the 
upper edges of the main standards. 

3. Shape the upper edge of all steps except the bottom one as 
shown in the detail drawing. This is a means of preventing the feet 
from slipping from the ends of the steps. 

4. Place the point between the main standards at the upper end 
and fasten in place with two y^" x 3" carriage bolts, 

5. Fasten all steps in place using two 21/2^' No. 12 flat head screws 
at each joint. The two main standards are left 1" apart at the bottom 
so that the back standard will drop between them freely. 

6. Place the bottom braces in position and mark off the places for 
the gains for the first and second steps. Cut the gains for the steps and 
fasten the braces to the main standards with three II/2" No. 9 screws at 
the top and two 21/2" No. 12 screws for the bottom step. 

7. Place the top member of the back standard on the top edge of 
the back standard and fasten by using five 2I/2" No. 12 fiat head Avood 
screw^s. 

8. Fold the back standard in between the main standards and bore 
i. 1/4" hole at top for pivot. It will be noted that the hole for the bolt 
does not go thru the center. Fasten back standard in place. 

9. With the back standard folded in bore a hole for the I/4" bolt 
which is to hold the chain at a point half way between the fourth and 
fifth steps and %" from the front edge of the standards. Fasten one 
end of the chain in place. 

10. Fasten the large screw hook into the bottom edge of the back 
standard so that when the ladder is folded the hook will come between 
tlie fourth step and the chain bolt. 

11. Finish the ladder by applying at least two coats of paint. 



110 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM V/ O O D W R K 



111 



Pieces 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 



FRUIT STEP LADDER 

Stock Bill 



Dimensions 


Use 


ir'x4"x2' 11" 




Standards 


i|"x2"x2" 7% 


" 


Brace 


ii"x8V2"xl8" 




Top 


il"x5"x20%" 




Bottom step 


il"x5"xl8%" 




Middle step 


\r'xb"xl6V2" 




Top step 


ir'x2"x8V2" 


Hardware 


Braces 



1 iron rod %"xl5%-" with two nuts. 

2 metal braces %"xl"xlO" bent as shown in drawing. 
1 stove bolt %'"xl%" to fasten metal braces. 

1 piece of light chain 20" long. 

2 carriage bolts %"xl^/^" with washers larger than link of chain. 
20 flat head wood screws 2" No. 10 for fastening steps and top. 

6 flat head wood screws Wz" No. 8 for fastening braces to standards. 

Directions 




Fig. 25. Fruit Step Ladder. 



The bevel across the sides of stock 
at ends of standards and in standards 
for steps is marked off with the T bevel, 
set at 6" on the blade and Z" on the 
tongue of the steel square. 

The bevel at ends of standards and 
steps across the edge of stock is marked 
off Avith the T bevel set at 6" on the 
blade and 15/16" on the tongue of the 
steel square. 

The steps are gained into the stand- 
ards i/s"- 

Four 2" No. 10 wood screws are 
placed thru the top at each end, two 
into the brace and two into the stand- 
ard. 



The braces are held to the standards with three l^/o No. 8 Avood 
scrcAvs. 

The rods may be threaded and held Avith a nut at each end. 

A 14" X 11/2'' carriage bolt is used to fasten the chain to the bottom 
of Ihe middle step. The chain may pass aroimd the brace and be fastened 
Avith staples or by placing a 1/4" bolt thru a link and thru the brace. 



112 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



113 



ORCHARD LADDER 




Pieces 
2 
2 
1 
1 
4 
2 
2 
1 



Many ladders of diversified de- 
sign, are used for orchard purposes, 
For orchard purposes the common 
step-ladder has the disadvantage of 
four supports and narrow spread of 
standards which make it unstable 
on uneven ground. The painters' lad- 
der needs to be supported at the up- 
per end by leaning against the limbs 
of the tree which is often harmful to 
the tree and usually rather unstable. 

The three-legged ladder with wide 
spread of standards has the advant- 
age of stability on uneven ground 
as well as on the fiat surface. It is 
also light and tall enough for most 
orchard purposes. 



Fig. 26. Orchard Ladder. 



Dimensions 

fi"x4"x4' 2" 

}i"x4"x2' 8" 

Ii-"x8y2"xl5" 

il"x4%"x24y2" 

ii"x4%"xl0%" 

ii"x3"x8" 

Ii"x2y2"x8^4" 



Bill of Material 

Use 
Standards 
Bottom standards 
Top 
Bottom step 
Steps 

Upper rod brace 
Cleats 



Material 
White pine, 
cypress, bass- 
wood, or 
other soft 
wood. 



'x3" tapered to 2"x5' 2" Brace 



Hardware 

1 iron rod %"xl4i^" with two nuts and two washers. 
38 flat head bright wood screws 1%" No. 9 or 10. 

18 flat head bright wood screws 1%" No. 8 or 9, for cleats and upper rod 
brace. 

2 pieces flat iron %"xl"x8" for braces. 

1 machine or stove bolt %"xl%''. 

2 flat head stove bolts 1%". 

1 piece substantial chain 1%", 20" long, or 1 piece canvas strap 1%", 
20" long. 

Directions 

1. Reduce all pieces to finished dimensions. 

2. Set the T bevel at 1" on the blade and Si/g" on the tongue of the 
steel square and lay out both ends of all standards, and remove the stock 
to line with the cross-cut saw. 

3. With the T bevel set at the same angle as for the standards, lay 
out a dado 3/16'' deep for each end of each step on the inside of each 



114 FARM WOODWORK 

main staiulard at the lueasuremeiils shown on the drawing and remove 
the stock with a %" or %" chisel. 

4. Using the T bevel as set for the above lay out the ends of the 
cleats and remove the stock to line with the saw. 

5. Lay off the upper end of the upper rod braces with the T ])evel 
set as for the standards and remove stock to line with the saw. 

5. Cut a slant to the lower ends of the upper rod braces as shown 
on the drawing so that they may be fastened to the standards with 
sercAvs. Remove stock wdth saw^ and smooth with plane. 

7. Round the upper end of the brace. To do this, draw a center 
line lengtliAvise of the stock on both sides and on this center line swing 
an arc with a l^/o" radius IV2" from the end. Remove stock Avith saw 
and smooth with chisel. 

8. Set the T bevel at 2" on the blade and 41/8'" on the tongue of the 
steel square and lay out the lower end of the brace. Remove the stock 
to line with the saw. 

9. The cheek cut on the inside of the bottom standards at top is 
laid out by use of the steel square. Lay the square on an edge of the 
stock, using the figures 12'^ and 4^^". Place the figures 12" on the outside 
edge at the end and the figure 4^2" on the same edge dowai on the stock 
and draw the line. Lay out on both edges. Remove the stock Avith the 
saAv. 

10. Bend the irons for the braces as shoA\n in the draAving. They 
may be bent cold if securely held in a metal vise. 

11. Centerpunch for the holes and bore %" holes at upper ends and 
1,4" holes at the loAver ends of the braces, using the drill press or breast 
drill. 

12. Bore a %" hole thru the upper end of the brace at center to 
receiA^e the rod. 

13. The first parts to be assembled are. the steps and main standards. 
Use two 1%" No. 9 or 10 flat head Avood screws at each joint. Bore holes 
for the screAvs, using a tAA'ist drill, thru the standards and countersink 
the holes. Clamp the parts firmly in place and force the screAA^s into the 
ends of the steps. 

14. Fasten the bottom step to the loAver ends of the front standards 
by use of tAvo 1%" No. 9 or 10 Avood sereAvs. 

15. Fasten the bottom standards to the ends of the bottom step 
by using tAvo 1%" No. 9 or 10 Avood scrcAvs for each joint and three 
similar screAvs to secure the upper ends of the bottom standards to the 
sides of the upper standard. 

16. The top is fastened by using eight scrcAvs, four at each end, tAvo 
thru the top and into the lop end of the standards and two into the 
upper rod brace. 

17. Fasten the cleats to the upper I'od brace and standards l)y use 
of eight lyo'' No. 8 or 9 Avood scr('A\s as show n in the draAving. 



FARM WOODWORK 115 

18. Bore a %" hole thru the cleat and upper rod brace at each 
side at point shown in the drawing and assemble brace, iron braces and 
rod. It may be noted that the rod is threaded at both ends. This is 
easier to make than to forge a head on a rod and is quite as satisfactory. 

19. Bore a 1/4" hole thru the brace and fasten the iron braces to 
brace with 14" x 1%'' bolt. 

20. Stand the ladder in upright position with the top level, measure 
length of chain required for position indicated in the drawing and fasten 
to step and back standard with stove bolts. 

21. Finish the ladder by applying two coats of exterior paint, allow- 
ing the first coat several days to become thoroly dry. 



116 



FARM WOODWORK 



Double Deck Qerrij Stand 
(for twelve boxes) 



IZL. 




3 '■ 



■-np 




f4n -a 61 n -< 



1 



\3^ 



12' 




derrtj Siand 
(for 5lx boxes) 



FARM WOODWORK 



117 




Fig. 27. Double Deck Berry Stand. 



DOUBLE DECK BERRY STAND (For Twelve Boxes) 

Bill of Material 

Pieces Dimensions Use 



2 %"xl2"xl5" Ends 

4 %"x2%"xl9V2" Sides 

8 %"x2%''xl8" Bottom 

1 %" round 18 1^" long Handle 

An old broom handle makes an excellent handle. 
Hardware: 2 flat head bright wood screws 2" No. 10 for fastening handle. 
6 doz. 6d finishing nails. 
Slats %" instead of \%" may be used for sides and bottom. 



BERRY STAND (For Six Boxes) 
Bill of Material 



Pieces 


Dimensions Use 


2 


%"xl2"x8" Ends 


2 


%"x2i4"xl9y2" Sides 


4 


%"x2i/4"xl8" Bottom 


1 


%" round xl8 % " long Handle 


Hardware: 


2 flat head bright wood screws 2" No. 10 for fastening handle. 




3 doz. 6d finishing nails. 




Slats %" instead of %" may be used sides and bottom. 




Fig. 28. Berry Stand. 



To fasten the handle, 
bore %" holes 1/4'' deep 
on a centerline on the 
inside of the end pieces 
at a point 1" from the 
top ; bore a hole for the 
screw from the same 
side of the stock using 
a twist drill as large 
as the screw; counter- 
sink for the head of the 
screw on the outside of 
the stock and fasten 
handle in place. 



118 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



119 



APPLE PACKING TABLE FOR BOX APPLES 

Material Required 

Lumber: Any soft wood. 

Pieces Dimensions Use 

4 2"x4"x3' 0" Legs 

6 y8"x3"x4' 3" Braces 

2 %"x6"x4'0" Ends 

2 y8"x6"x3' 10%" Sides 

2 T3"x6"x'i'0" Rests for box 

4 y8"x2"xlO" Shelf brackets 

2 y8"xl0"x3'6%" ^^ ^ Shelves 
2 pieces of canvas or ticking 3' 2"x4' 2". 
^'2 lb. 6d. common nails. 
1 package tacks. 

Directions 

This apple i)ackino' table is one Avhich has been found quite satis- 
factory where box jjaeking of apples is done. It is designed for two 
packers ; one at each side, with a box before him which rests in a tilting 
position on the two boards provided for that purpose. 

Shelves are placed iniderneath at one end of the tal)le wliere sup- 
plies of lining paper, layer paper and wrapping paper may be kept. 
More and wider shelves may be provided if desired. 

The inside corners of the legs at the top are sawed off to prevent 
their bruising the apples. 

The first layer of canvas is tacked securely all round the top edge 
of the table. The upper piece is tacked at one end only. This enables 
the packer to shake off quickly any dirt which may accumulate on the 
table. 

The sizes of boxes are usually used : 

a. Standard, IOV2" x 111,4" x 18" inside measurement. 

b. Special, 10" x 11" x 20" inside measurement. 

The detail draAving shows a hod for holding the wrapping paper. 
The angle irons at the open end hook over the edge of the box and hold 
it in place. 

The hod may be made of iv." or %" nmterial so as to make it light 
and facilitate its placing on and removal from the liox. 

This makes it convenient for the packer to pick up a sheet of wrap- 
ping paper with one hand while the other hand picks up an apple. 



120 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 121 

PACKING TABLE FOR BARREL APPLES 









Bill 


of Material 




Lumber 


: Any 


soft 


wood. 






Pieces 






Dimensions 


Use 


2 






2"x4"x3' 3" 




Legs at front 


2 






2"x4"x3' 9" 




Legs at back 


2 






%"x8"x6' 0" 




Sides 


1 






y8"x8"x3'10%' 


' 


Back end 


2 






y8"x8"xl9y8" 




Front end 


2 






y8"x8"x2'3" 




Chute boards 


22 






y8"xl"x6' 0" 




Slats 


2 






y8"xl"x4' 0" 




Cleats 


2 






y8"x3"x4'8" 




Braces 




5 doz. 


6d. 


common nails. 








6 doz. 


lOd. 


finishing nails. 







Directions 

The size of the standard apple barrel has been regulated by Con- 
gress. The specifications are as follows: 
Length of stave 281/2 inches. 
Diameter of head ITVs inches. 
Distance between heads 26 inches. 

Circumference of the bulge 64 inches outside measure. 
All barrels not coming up to this standard shall be so marked. 
The table shown in the drawing admits a standard barrel to be 
placed under it at the front end. 

A piece of canvas, denim or ticking is fastened betweei the slats 
and cleat at the front end. A barrel is placed in position and the apron 
is placed over the top of the barrel. 

The table is 6" higher at the rear end, causing the apples to roll to- 
ward the barrel. The chute boards guide them toward the opening 
where they can easily be inspected as they roll onto the apron. When a 
quantity of apples is on the apron it may be slowly loAvered into the bar- 
rel without bruising the fruit. 

In constructing the table it is suggested that the legs be cut at top 
as shown in the detail drawing so as to provide a resting surface for 
the box. 

The finishing nails are used in fastening the corners and cleats and 
slats. One lOd nail is used for each slat. 

The 6d common nails are used to fasten the legs, braces and chute 
boards. 



122 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 123 



A VISE HANDLE 



Material Required 

1 piece of oak, maple, ash or other hardwood %"x%"xl2". 

1 piece of oak, maple, ash or other hardwood l%"xlV2"x4". 

2 flat head bright wood screws %" No. 7. 

Directions for the Knobs 

1. Reduce a piece of stock to the dimensions called for in Fig. 1. 

2. Lay out an octagon at an end of the stock as shown in Fig. 6. 

3. Draw lines on the sides of the stock as indicated in Fig. 2. 

4. Remove the corners as shown in Fig. 3 using the plane ; when 
the four corners are removed thus making an octagonal stick, plane off 
the new edges until the stick is round as shoAvn in Fig. 4. The plane 
should be set fine for the last cuts. 

Directions for Handle 

1. Reduce a piece of hardwood to the dimensions called for in Fig. 7. 

2. Lay out octagons at both ends as indicated in Fig. 8. 

3. Draw lines on sides of stock as show^n in Fig. 9. 

4. Bore a %" hole %'' deep in each end of the piece of stock as 
indicated in Fig. 9. 

5. Plane the corners so as to make the stock octagonal in shape 
Fig. 10 and continue planing the corners until the stock is round, Fig. 11. 

6. Saw the block in two in the center as shoAvn in Fig. 11 and 
round the ends as indicated in Fig. 12. 

7. Place one knob on the stick and fasten witli a %" No. 7 flat head 
screw. Fig. 5. 

8. Place the handle on the vise and fasten the other knob in place. 
Since vises vary in diameter of handle required it is suggested that 

measurement be taken before starting the handle and the diameter of 
stick regulated accordingly. 

It is also suggested that this method be used Avherever it is required 
to make a round stick of any size. 



124 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



125 



Root 51udLj 




Soil Sieve 



126 



FARM WOODWORK 



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FARM WOODWORK 



127 



ESI 



Table j x la" x 24' 



Washer 
Thumb nut 




33 



^ -^ Cleat Jxs"aio" 



Tripod table ^xa'xio" 



Target and Clamp 



Prow spring 



^m/k 



Target 



Rod 



5" \^e\o\ forget 




-^i^ 



P\on& Table ond Leveling l?od 



128 



FARM WOODWORK 




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5 t: a) £ 


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FARMWOODWORK 129 

SAW FITTING 

There are many cross cut saws of varying designs in use in the lum- 
bering industry, but for general farm use selection may be made from 
the four illustrated in the drawing. Figures A, B, and C are of saws 
suited for general use. Fig. D shows a shape of tooth better suited for 
knotty lumber. 

The tools required for cross-cut-saw fitting are as follows : 

1 cross-cut-saw tool which consists of a jointer, a raker-tooth 

gauge and a tooth set gauge. 
1 saw set. 
Several flat files. 
The essential features of a well fitted saw are : 

1. All teeth must be of the same length and all points come to the 
same plane so that each tooth will do the same work as each other tooth. 

2. All rakers must be not less than 1-100 nor more than 1-32 of an 
inch shorter than the cutting teeth and must be filed to sharp chisel- 
shaped edges. 

3. All teeth must be filed to a sharp point. 

4. All teeth must be uniformly set so that the saw^ draws freely 
thru the wood. 

JOINTING, SETTING AND FILING A GROSS CUT SAW 

There are four operations in bringing a cross cut saw to a good cut- 
ting condition: (1) jointing; (2) filing down the rakers; (3) setting the 
cutting teeth; (4) filing the rakers and cutting teeth. 

A saw is jointed by holding the file in the saw tool as shown in 
Fig. 29 and, holding the file on the teeth and the saw tool tightly against 
the side of the saw, drawing the file lengthwise over the saw until all 
teeth and rakers have been touched. 

To file down the rakers the saw tool is placed on the teeth so that a 
pair of rakers projects up thru the slot in the tool. Fig. 30. All that part 
of the rakers which projects up thru the slot is filed off so that the points 
of the rakers will be below the points of the cutting teeth. The distance 
which the rakers are below the points of the cutting teeth may be varied 
according to the kind of wood which the saw is to be used for. The rak- 
ers should be not less than 1-100 of an inch nor more than 1-32 of an 
inch shorter than the teeth. Soft woods may have a greater distance 
than hard woods. If the saw has a tendency to jump when in use the 
rakers are too long and need to be filed down and sharpened. 

About 1/4" of the point of each tooth is set. This consists of placing 
the saw set on a tooth and pressing the tooth out so as to make the saw 
kerf wider than the blade of the saw. Begin at one end and set every 
other tooth to one side, then reverse the saw and set the other teeth in 
the opposite direction. The amount of set to give a saw is determined by 
the use that the saw is to have. Green and wet lumber require more set 
than dry lumber. The set of the saw is regulated by the set screw at the 
bottom of the saw set. 



130 



FARM WOODWORK 




FARM WOODWORK 



131 



The rakers arc filed to a chisel point. Effort should be made to 
keep all of the rakers the same shape and size and the filing regulated 
with this in mind. Since the purpose of the rakers is not to cut but to 
draw the cut particles of ^\ood lengthwise of the saw kerf and out, they 
should be kept true and straight and may be filed from one side of the 
saw. The file is held straight across the saw. Great care must be taken 
not to bring either tlie rakers or the cutting teeth below the surface to 
which they have been jointed as that will render them out of cutting or 
rakinsr service. 




Fig. 29. 



Fig. 30. 



To file the teeth, the saw is placed low in the clamp so as to hold it 
firmly and minimize the vibration. All the teeth projecting aw^ay from 
the filer are filed from one side. Both edges of the tooth are filed the 
same because the saAv is to cut both ways. The file is held at an angle 
asr shown by the points of the cutting teeth in Fig. C. and by forward 
strokes of the file the tooth is brought to a point. When all the teeth 
projecting to one side have been filed the saw is reversed and the teeth 
projecting in the opposite direction are filed in the same w^ay. 

If a saw has been used extensively and filed so that the teeth are 
short it should be gummed. This consists of grinding a slot down into 
the lilade between the teeth with a thin emery grinder. 

When not in use, the blade of the saw should be covered mth a coat 
of oil to prevent rusting. If a saw has become rusty it should not be 
cleaned with coarse emery cloth or coarse sand paper or other substance 
or preparation that will scratch the surface of the metal. No. or 00 
sand paper or 00 emery cloth or kerosene oil may be used. 

FITTING HAND SAWS 

The tools required for fitting hand saws are : 
1 flat file. 

Several slim taper triangular files — size determined by the fine- 
ness of saw. 
1 saw set. 
The first point to observe in fitting a saw is to make sure that the 
points of all teeth are in the same plane, so that no tooth projects out 
farther than any other. This is accomplished by running the side of a flat 
fife lengthwise over the teeth and is called jointing the saw. The file is 



132 F A R M W O O D W O R K 

run over the teeth enough times to file all teeth down to the same plane 
as that of the point of the lowest tooth. The file is held so that the side 
of the file stands at right angles to the side of the saw. The file is held 
in both hands with the thumbs and balls of the thumbs resting on the file 
and the index fingei's closed and under the file. The saw fits up betAveen 
the index fingers. By holding the saw^ in this way it is under the control 
of the operator. 

The second point in fittiiig a hand saw^ is setting the saw. This 
should be done before filing it. All teeth must have an equal amount of 
set to make all do the same amount of work. The set should not go be- 
low half the length of the tooth. Soft and wet woods require more set 
than dry or hard woods. Setting a saw consists of bending the teeth 
outward, every alternate tooth to the same side. In cross cut saws the 
teeth are bent away from the bevel side of the teeth. 

The third operation in fitting a hand saw is that of filing the teeth. 
Care should be taken when filing to keep the teeth of a uniform size and 
shape. This is accomplished by bringing the pressure of the file to bear 
on the large tooth and not on the small ones. In sharpening a cross cut 
saw the point of the file should point toward the handle of the saw and 
be held at an angle of about 45 degrees. The filer works against the front 
or cutting edge of the teeth. Every alternate tooth is filed the whole 
length of the saw, then the saw is reversed in the clamj) and the alter- 
nate teeth are filed. Only forward strokes of the file are used. 

The angle or pitch at which the teeth of a cross cut saw are filed 
depends on the use which is to be made of the saw. Fig. F in the draw- 
ing shows the angle best adapted for genei-al work. Hardwoods require 
less pitch than softwoods. 

The bevel of the teeth of a saw is determined by the use to he made 
of the saw. Hardwoods require less bevel than softwoods. The bevel is 
regulated by the position or angle at which the file is held across the saw. 
For a general purpose crosscut saw the file is held at an angle of about 
45 degrees. This Avill result in a bevel as shown in Fig. F in the drawing. 

Buck saws may be filed Avith the file at 80 degrees to the side of the 
blade. The angles of the teeth which are 56 and 62 degrees are illus- 
1i-a1c(l ill Fig. E in 1lio drawing. These angles vary in different makes 
ol saws. 

As illuslraled in Fig. D in the drawing the angles of the teeth of rip 
saws ai'c 90 and (iO degrees. In filing, the file is held straight across the 
saw which makes a sei-ies of chisels of the saw jioints. The thrust of the 
saw in ripping should be at an angle of about 45 degrees. 

Saws are designated by the length of blade and the number of teeth 
to the inch. Rip saws are to be had ni :>. SV^, 4, iVi, 5 and 5yo points 
to the inch. For hardwoods, medium hardwoods, and for fine work the 
5 or 51/) point rip saw is to be preferred. 

It may be noted that the saws shown in Figs. F and G in the drawing 
are 5 point saws. 

Cross cut saws are to be had in 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 points to 
the inch, l-'oi' general use a 7 or S ])()in1 is to be i)refei']'ed. For fin^ 
work a 10, 11 or 12 point gives belter sei'vice. 



FARM WOODWORK 



133 



LIST OF BUILDERS' HARDWARE EVERY BOY 
SHOULD KNOW 



Lock: 

rim lock 

pad lock 

mortise lock 

rim door latch 

cupboard lock 

drawer lock 

screen door catches 

barn door latch 

gate latch 

thumb latch 

screen door latch 

screen hangers 

door button 
Hasps and staples 
Safety gate hooks 
Barn door pulls 
Eye bolt 
Hitching ring 
Bai'n door bolt 
Barn door catch 
Barn door track 
Barn door rollers 
Barn door stay rollers 
Steel hay carrier track 
Hay carrier 

Rafter bracket for hanging hay car- 
rier track 
Hay carrier track hanging tool 
Floor hook 
Swivel rope hitch 
Wood frame pulley 
Floor pulley 
Cast fi-ame plain pulley 
Cast frame knot-passing pulley 



Windows, common sizes of glass and 

number of panes to window. 
Cellar window set, i. e., one pair butts; 

one hook and eye 
Sash cord 
Sash pulley 
Sash lifts 
Sash weights 
Wrought barrel bolts 
Carriage bolts 
Machine bolts 
Stove bolts 
Plow bolts 
Expansion shields 
Common nails 
Casing nails 
Finishing nails 

Round head blue wood screws 
Flat head bright wood screws 
Washers 
Lock washers 
Wagon box rivets 
Oval head rivets 
Set screws 
Spiral door spring with screen door 

set hook and eye 
Door pull 
Hinges: 

loose pin butts 

riveted pin butts 

heavy T hinges 

light T hinges 

heavy strap hinges 

light strap hinges 

strap hinges 

hook and eye hinges 



134 



FARM WOODWORK 



LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE 





4 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 24 


26 


28 


30 


32 


34 


36 


38 


40 


2x4 


3 


4 


5 


7 


8 


9 


11 


12 


13 


15 16 


17 


19 


20 


21 


23 


24 


25 


27 


2x6 


4 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 24 


26 


28 


80 


32 


34 


36 


38 


40 


2x8 


5 


8 


11 


13 


16 


19 


21 


24 


27 


29 32 


35 


37 


40 


43 


45 


48 


51 


53 


2 X 10 


7 


10 


13 


17 


20 


23 


27 


30 


33 


37 40 


43 


47 


50 


53 


57 


60 


63 


67 


2 X 12 


8 


12 


16 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 48 


52 


56 


60 


64 


68 72 


76 


80 


2 X 14 


9 


14 


19 


23 


28 


33 


37 


42 


47 


51 56 


61 


65 


70 


75 


79 84 


89 


93 


2 X 16 


11 


16 


21 


27 


32 


37 


43 


48 


53 


59 


64 


69 


75 


80 


85 


91 96 


101 


107 


3x4 


4 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


32 


34 36 


38 


40 


3x6 


6 


9 


12 


15 


18 


21 


24 


27 


30 


33 


36 


39 42 


45 


48 


51 54 


57 


60 


3x8 


8 


12 


16 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


52 56 


60 


64 


68 72 


76 


80 


3 x 10 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 


60 


65 70 


75 


80 


85 


90 


95 


100 


3 X 12 


12 


18 


24 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


78 84 


90 


96 


102 


108 


114 


120 


3 X 14 


14 


21 


28 


35 


42 


49 


56 


63 


70 


77 


84 


91 


98 


105 


112 


119 


126 


133 


140 


3 X 16 


16 


24 


32 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


104 


112 


120 


128 


136 


144 


152 


160 


4x4 


5 


8 


11 


13 


16 


19 


21 


24 


27 


29 


32 


35 


37 


40 


43 


45 


48 


51 


53 


4x6 


8 


12 


16 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


52 


56 


60 


64 


68 


72 


76 


80 


4x8 


11 


16 


21 


27 


32 


37 


43 


48 


53 


59 


64 


69 


75 


80 


85 


91 96 


101 


107 


6x6 


12 


18 


24 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


78 


84 


90 


96 


102 108 


114 


120 


6x8 


16 


24 


32 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


104 


112 


120 


128 


136 144 


152 


160 


6 X 10 


20 


30 


40. 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


130 


140 


150 


160 


170 180 


190 


200 


8x8 


21 


32 


43 


53 


64 


75 


85 


96 


107 


117 


128 


139 


149 


160 


171 


181 192 


203 


213 


8 X 10 


27 


40 


53 


67 


80 


93 


107 


120 


133 


147 


160 


173 


187 


200 


213 


2271240 


253 


267 


8 X 12 


32 


48 


64 


80 


96 


112 


128 


144 


160 


176 


192 


208 


224 


240 


256 


272 288 


304 


320 


10 X 10 


33 


50 


67 


83 


100 


117 


133 


150 


167 


183 


200 


217 


233 


250 


267 


283 300 


317 


333 


10 X 12 


40 


60 


80 


100 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 


220 


240 


260 


280 


300 


320 


3401360 


380 


400 


12 X 12 


48 


72 


96 


120 


144 


168 


192 


216 


240 


264 


288 


312 


336 


360 


384 


4081432 


456 


480 


12 X 14 


56 


84 


112 


140 


168 


196 


224 


252:280 


308 


336 


364 


392 


420 


448 


476'504 


532 


560 


14 X 14 


65 


98 


1311163 


196 


229 


261 


2941327 


3591392 


425 


457 


490 


523 


5551588 


6211653 



The rules for finding tlie nunilter of board feet in a piece of lumber 
is as follows : Multiply the thickness in inches by the width in inches 
by the length in feet and divide by twelve. 

Example: How many board feet in a piece of lumber 2 in. thick, 
6 in. wide and 12 ft. long? 



2 X 6 X ;^ 



= 12 ft. Ans. 



All llie iiuiribers in the above tabU' are derived in tliis way. 

The table is a rapid way of figuring up bills of lumber and should 
be used as soon as the above rule is understood. 



FARM WOODWORK 



135 



NAILS AND SCREWS 

Wire nails is an ordinary name applied to common nails, casing nails, 
and brads, or finishing nails. They are made from steel wire. Common 
nails have flat heads and are used where the heads are to be left flush 
with the surface of the wood. Casing and finishing nails are used when 
it is desirable to have them as inconspicuous as possible, as for inside 
finish. They are sunk, or "set," into the wood and the holes are later 
filled with putty. 

The size of a nail is specified by the term penny (d), prefixed by a 
number; as, 6d, lOd. This term had its origin in England, where it for- 
merly represented the price per pound in terms of pence. 

Number of Nails to the Pound 

Number per pound 



Size 


Length 


Common 


Finishing 


Casing 


2d 


lin. 


860 


1,558 


1,140 


3d com. 


1% in. 


594 


884 


675 


4d 


1 V2 in. 


339 


767 


567 


5d 


1% in. 


230 


491 


396 


6d 


2 in. 


205 


359 


260 


7d 


2% in. 


135 


317 


239 


8d 


21/2 in. 


96 


214 


160 


9d 


2% in. 


92 


195 


148 


lOd 


8 in. 


63 


134 


108 


12d 


3% in. 


52 


120 


99 


16d 


31/2 in. 


38 


91 


69 


20d 


4 in. 


30 


61 


50 


30d 


41/2 in. 


23 




45 


40d 


5 in. 


17 




35 


50d 


51/2 in. 


13 






60d 


6 in. 


10 







Quantity of Nails per M Feet of Lumber 

Sheathing, per M, 8d com 20 lbs. 

lOd com 25 lbs. 

Flooring, per M, 8d com 30 lbs. 

lOd com 35 lbs. 

Studding, per M, lOd com 14 lbs. 

20d com 10 lbs. 

Furring, per M, lOd com 10 lbs. 

Finish Flooring, per M, Ys" 8d fin 20 lbs. 

P'inishing, Ys" per M, 8d fin 30 lbs. 

Finishing, IVs" per M, lOd fin 40 lbs. 

Beveled siding, per M, 6d com 18 lbs. 

Lath, per M, 3d com 6y2 lbs. 

Shingles, per M, 4d com 4 lbs. 

Sizes of Nails for Given Purposes 

Balusters 4d finishing 

Baseboard 8d finishing- 
Braces 16d common 

Bridging 8d common 

Ceiling 6d casing 

Drip cap 8d casing 

Door frame 8d common 

Di-awers 6 and 4d casing 

Doois 6d common 



136 



FARM WOODWORK 



Fascia 8d casing 

Framing lOd, 16d and 20d common 

Frieze lOd casing 

Finish floor 8d casing 

Handrail 4d and 6d casing 

Inside Casing 6d and 8d finishing 

Inside mouldings 6d finishing 

Lath 3d fine 

Lap siding 6d casing and common 

Newel post 8d casing 

Outside moulding 8d and 6d casing 

Outside casing 8d and lOd casing 

'Plancher 8d casing 

Roof boards 8d common 

Rafters lOd and 16d spikes 

Ridge board 8d common 

Rough flooring 8d common 

Risers 8d common 

Saddle board 8d and lOd common 

Shingles 3d coarse galvanized 

Sheathing 8d common 

Stair stringers 16d common 

Treads 8d casing 

Wainscoting 6d common 

Window frame 8d common 

Water table 8d common 

Other fastenings which are most extensively used in carpentry work 
are dow^els and flat and round-head screws. In timber framing, the joints 
are usually fastened with dowels made of hardwood, preferably maple. 
Flat-head bright screws are most commonly used. Hinges are usually 
fastened with screw^s of this kind, as the head of the screw sets flush with 
the surface. Round-head blued screws are used where it is not necessary 
to have the heads flush wdth the surface, and when the screws become a 
part of the decorative scheme. 



TABLE OF BIT SIZES FOR WOOD SCREWS 







Size of 


Twist Bit 


Size of 


Twist Bit 


Screw 


Diam. in 


Hole for 


or Gimlet 


H 


ole for 


or Gimlet 


Gauge 


Decims. 


Wire 


No. 


Thread 


No. 


5 


.1236 


Vs" 


4 




5/64" 




6 


.1368 


9/64" 






3/32" 


3 


7 


.1500 


5/32" 


5 


Vs" 
3/32" 


hardwood 
softwood 


4 
3 


10 


.1894 


3/16" 


6 


5"32" 

ys" 


■ hardwood 
' softwood 


5 

4 


12 


.2158 


7/32" 


7 


3/16" 

5/32" 


■ hardwood 
softwood 


6 
5 


14 


.2421 


%" 


8 


3/16" 

5/32' 


' hardwood 
softwood 


6 

5 


16 


.2684 


9/32" 


9 


7/32" 
3/16" 


' hardwood 
softwood 


7 
6 


18 


.2947 


5/16" 


10 


7/32' 


■ hardwood 
' softwood 


8 

7 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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